autonomic nervous system

The parasympathetic innervation controlling the parotid salivary gland arises from the:

• facial nerve

• oculomotor nerve.

• vagus nerve

• glossopharyngeal nerve

Which of the following occurs in Horner syndrome:

• pupil is dilated.

• upper eyelid is retracted

• The patient has vasodilation of the facial skin arterioles.

• There is excessive facial sweating.

• There is exophthalmos.

Which of the following statements best describes the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system?

• It is associated with the thoracolumbar part of the spinal cord.

• It has long preganglionic axons.

• It is active during an emotional crisis.

• Its activity mobilizes glucose from glycogen.

The parasympathetic outflow in the spinal cord occurs at levels:

• S1-2

• S3-S4

• S2–4

• L1-2

The sympathetic outflow:

• arises from nerve cells that are situated in the posterior gray column (horn) of the spinal cord

• is restricted to the T1-L2 segments of the spinal cord

• has preganglionic nerve fibers that leave the spinal cord in the posterior roots of the spinal nerves

• receives descending fibers from supraspinal levels that pass down the spinal cord in the posterior white column

• has many preganglionic nerve fibers that synapse in the posterior root ganglia of the spinal nerves

Norepinephrine is secreted at the endings of the:

• preganglionic sympathetic fibers

• preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

• postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

• postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Why is the adrenal gland unique in its autonomic innervation?

• It is innervated by parasympathetic cholinergic preganglionic neurons.

• The postganglionic neurons are cholinergic rather than noradrenergic despite being part of the sympathetic nervous system.

• The post-synaptic response is mediated via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

• It is directly innervated by the spinal cord without passing through ganglia.