4.2 Islamic Expansion

Which event(s) marked the beginning of the Crusades?

• a series of Christian attacks on the Muslim world

• a Muslim invasion of southeastern Europe

• Muslim persecution of Christians and Jews

• the excommunication of the Byzantine Emperor

The naming of Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, as the fourth caliph, resulted in the beginning of the

• First Fitna

• First Crusade

• East-West Schism

• Umayyad Dynasty

What trend describes a long-lasting effect of the Crusades?

• the decline of the last major Islamic empire

• a permanent split within the Christian world

• tensions between Jews, Muslims, and Christians

• European dominance of trade through the Middle East

Which statement describes how Muhammad's successor was determined?

• He was Muhammad's oldest son.

• He was the political leader in charge of Mecca.

• He was the commanding general of the Muslim army.

• He was chosen by a council of Muhammad's closest advisers.

Which statement describes a long-term effect of the completion of a standardized version of the Quran?

• It ensured that Arab culture would spread throughout the Islamic world.

• It helped make Islam more acceptable to the adherents of other major religions.

• It prevented Muslims from breaking into different sects as members of other religions have.

• It created a strong foundation for the practice of Islam by standardizing the duties of Muslims.

The weakness of the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires contributed to

• the constant infighting of Arab tribes

• the increased influence of Christian empires

• invasion by neighboring Arab nations

• an alliance between the two empires

The Crusades began as an attempt by Europeans to control the Holy Land in order to protect Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem and other important religious sites in the region.

Which statement describes an additional reason for the Crusaders’ interest in controlling the Holy Land?

• It contained large populations of Christians who had recently converted to Islam.

• It was home to some of the most important trade routes connecting Europe and Asia.

• It featured major agricultural regions that supplied Europe with most of its food.

• It had abundant supplies of the resources needed by industrializing nations.

Which statement best describes the nature of the empires that existed in Southwest Asia and North Africa during the period of Islamic dominance?

• They had shifting boundaries and diverse centers of power.

• They had different capitals but were all dominated by Arabs.

• They had difficulties maintaining Islam as the dominant religion.

• They had little contact with the other empires that existed at the time.

The territory of which present-day country came under Muslim control within 30 years of Muhammad's death?

• India

• Iraq

• Libya

• Turkey

The Islamic Schism resulted primarily from a disagreement over this

• The Five Pillars
• Choice of leader or Caliph for Islam
• Treatment of Jews and Christians
• Location of the capitol city