Effects of the Immune System

The healthy human immune system responds to pathogens with both specific and nonspecific processes. Which of the following models represents a nonspecific response?

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What is the term for a strong response to a harmless antigen in the environment?

• An allergy

• Cell-mediated immunity

• An autoimmune disease

• Inflammatory response

An immune response that occurs in the human body is shown above. This activity helps to do which of the following?

• Produce antibiotics to control disease

• Provide protection against a specific pathogen

• Provide protection against all types of pathogens

• Eliminate harmful gene alterations

After an initial infection, B-cells recognize the measles virus. How is this helpful in human immune response?

• The B-cells use this recognition to defend the body against other pathogens, such as bacteria.

• The B-cells more quickly recognize and respond to any other virus that invades the body.

• The B-cells produce antibodies more quickly if the measles virus is encountered again.

• The B-cells transfer this recognition to T-cells, which will then devour the viruses.

What is the body's first line (non-specific) of defense against infection by foreign organisms?

• antibodies

• lymph nodes

• white blood cells

• the skin

White blood cells are an important part of the human immune response. Two types of white blood cells, neutrophils and macrophages, act as phagocytes. Phagocytes perform which of the following functions in the human body?

• They produce antibodies.

• They bind to antigens and develop into plasma cells

• They form a barrier against pathogens.

• They engulf and destroy bacteria

Although vaccines cannot be used to treat a person who is sick, they can help to prevent infections. Vaccinations tell the body to create "memory cells", which will function later to create antibodies against certain pathogens. When a person is vaccinated, what are they injected with?

• antibodies to a disease bacterium

• live, inactive viruses

• weakened viruses or antigens from the virus

• blood from a person who has had the disease

Many species of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics because antibiotics have been so widely used. Now, bacteria that used to be killed by antibiotics are more difficult to treat. What is the best way to proceed in dealing with this public health problem?

• Antibiotics should no longer be used.

• Antibiotics should be made available to anyone without a prescription.

• Antibiotics should only be prescribed to people with bacterial infections.

• Anti-viral medications should now be used instead of antibiotics.

The immune system is built on millions of cells called _______.

• Blood cells

• Immune cells

• Leukocytes

• Lymph cells

Phagocytes initially destroy invasive cells _______.

• By alerting the immune system to their presence

• By consuming them

• By alerting T-cells to their presence

• By alerting B-cells to their presence