Biology EOC review- Unit 1 and 2

Students modeled the changes in cells during mitosis, using paper plates, flat wooden sticks, cotton swabs, and construction paper.

Which statement correctly uses the model to explain how mitosis maintains genetic continuity?

• The chromosomes in cell 1 are the same as in cells 6 and 7

• Crossing-over occurs in cell 4, which increases the genetic diversity in cells 6 and 7

• When the nuclear membrane reforms in cell 5, each nucleus becomes diploid in number

• The independent assortment that is represented in cell 2 ensures that cell 3 has the correct number of chromosomes

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Scientists studied a species of phytoplankton. These phytoplankton are an important part of marine food webs and are major primary producers. As all organisms are regulated by their environment, so are the phytoplankton. The scientists looked at the relationship between the populations of the phytoplankton and viruses found in the same environment. They created three environments in a laboratory setting to collect data on the numbers of phytoplankton and viruses over a period of time and graphed the results once they were averaged, as shown.

The scientists claimed that the growth and stability of the phytoplankton populations were affected by the viruses. Using the information given, which TWO arguments support this claim?

• The phytoplankton population was unable to absorb the light necessary for growth because the viruses covered the surface of the water.

• The phytoplankton population was affected by the viruses because the viruses were competitors for the food sources in the environment.

• As the phytoplankton population increased, the number of viruses began to increase because the phytoplankton were consumed by the viruses.

• As the phytoplankton population reached capacity, the number of viruses began to increase because the phytoplankton were the hosts to the viruses and replicated the viruses’ genome.

• The phytoplankton population decreased as the number of viruses increased because the cells of the phytoplankton were destroyed as the viruses used them to increase the number of viruses in the environment.

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Portions of the protein sequence alignments for a group of ciliates are shown.

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The ribosome of the bacterium E. coli includes the ribosomal protein L4 (rpl4). The rpl4 gene carries the instructions for making rpl4 protein. Which of the following arguments provides support for the claim that E. coli has a common ancestor with all other organisms?

• Every organism depends on proteins to carry out essential cellular processes. Ribosomes are needed by all organisms to synthesize proteins such as rpl4.

• Every organism possesses in its ribosome a protein that is similar to rpl4. This protein has an amino acid sequence that is similar to the sequence of E. coli’s rpl4.

• Every organism contains a structure that is similar to a ribosome. This structure helps convert the instructions from the rpl4 gene into amino acids.

• Every organism has proteins made of amino acids. The code for amino acids is the same in E. coli because the instructions for amino acids come from the DNA. DNA contains the same components in all organisms.

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Researchers recently compiled data about 2,300 mammal species and 6,700 bird species and determined that the number of species found at tropic latitudes is greater than the numbers found at temperate and polar latitudes.

Which statements are the BEST explanation as to why biodiversity is greatest in the tropics?

• Tropic latitudes experience less seasonal changes in climate

• There is a large amount of annual precipitation in tropic latitudes

• Regions near the equator have a longer growing season for plants

• Temperate and polar latitudes have a large amount of water from snowmelt.

• Species in temperate and polar latitudes are better adapted to extreme weather

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The development of six legs should be placed at letter ____ on the cladogram because the body structure is present only in organisms ____ that point on the cladogram.

• A, after

• B, after

• E, before

• D, before

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Hemoglobin is a protein found in the red blood cells of vertebrates and in the plasma of many invertebrates. The function of this protein is to transport oxygen throughout the body and to bring carbon dioxide back to be expelled from the organism. If the amino acid sequence of the protein is altered, the mutated protein is not as efficient at carrying oxygen as is the normal hemoglobin. Which argument is supported by this information?

• The mutated hemoglobin protein can still carry carbon dioxide to be expelled from the organism

• Hemoglobin must be a simple molecule because it is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates

• Structural changes of hemoglobin affect its ability to carry oxygen, indicating that the shape of a protein is important to its function.

• Normal hemoglobin must be a larger molecule than the mutated hemoglobin since it has sufficient space to attach to and carry both oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide molecules.

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Bromothymol blue (BTB) is a pH indicator that is also used to detect carbon dioxide (CO2). BTB is blue when pH is basic and CO2 is low. BTB is yellow when pH is acidic and CO2 is high. BTB is green when pH is neutral. A group of students are planning to perform an investigation in which they will place either a stalk of the aquatic plant elodea or a snail in a test tube that contains water with a neutral pH of 7 and BTB. The students will also include a test tube that contains elodea and a snail. Observing color change once the tubes have been placed under a growth light for several hours will allow the students to answer which TWO of the following questions?

• Do both elodea and snails require oxygen to survive?

• Does elodea produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

• Do snails respire faster when placed in a tube with elodea?

• Does photosynthesis performed by elodea remove CO2 from the water?

• Does cellular respiration occur at a higher rate than photosynthesis in the tube with only elodea?

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Ruby-throated hummingbirds are found throughout eastern North America. They are omnivores, feeding on nectar, pollen, tree sap, insects, and spiders. They get all the water they need from nectar. Most nests are in forested areas, citrus groves, marshes, and scrubland. The hummingbirds breed in the spring and the summer, and females raise one to three broods per breeding season. Most of the hummingbirds migrate to Mexico or Central America for the winter. Many fly nonstop for 20 hours to cross the Gulf of Mexico. However, increasing numbers of the hummingbirds have begun to winter north of the gulf. Researchers have documented that the hummingbirds’ winter range has expanded northward by about 300 kilometers in recent years.

Which explanation BEST predicts the ability of the hummingbirds to survive their first winter in this new environment?

• Finding suitable nesting materials and sites is the most important task the hummingbirds must accomplish because they must produce offspring.

• Finding a sufficient supply of flowering plants, flowering trees, and insects is the most important task for the hummingbirds because they need food to survive.

• Finding bodies of water is the most important task for the hummingbirds because they need to supplement the supply of nectar if it is inadequate to provide all the calories the hummingbirds need to survive

• Finding mates to allow the hummingbirds to lay fertile eggs and have two parents to feed the new hatchlings is the most important task for the hummingbirds because they need to ensure there is a new generation of hummingbirds in the region.

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