Period 1 Review

Before 1492, many American Indian cultures were strongly influenced by the

• Spread of corn cultivation

• Ravages of smallpox epidemics

• Domestication of horses

• Invention of the spoked wheel

Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is supported by the map?

• The American Indian population was distributed uniformly throughout North America

• The most densely populated regions of North America would eventually become a part of New Spain

• The most densely population regions of North America would eventually become New France

• The American Indian population was concentrated in the Great Plains

Which of the following was an outcome of the Columbian Exchange?

• The population of Europe decreased

• Sugar and Rice were introduced in Africa

• The life expectancy of Native Americans increased

• The diets of Europeans improved

The encomienda and slavery systems both contributed to which of the following developments?

• The Spanish colonies developed a social hierarchy based on economic status rather than on racial categories.

• Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans were all integrated into Spanish colonial society on an equal basis.

• The Spanish developed a race-based caste system that defined the status of Europeans, Native Americans, Africans, and people of mixed race in their colonies

• The Spanish colonies experienced intermingling between European and Native American populations to such an extent that racial categories ceased to be recognized.

Which of the following was a major difference between the encomienda system and slave labor in the Spanish colonies?

• The encomienda system exploited the labor of Native Americans, whereas slavery more typically extracted labor from enslaved Africans.

• The encomienda system was developed specifically for plantation agriculture, whereas slaves were used only in mines.

• The encomienda system imported servants from Europe, whereas the slavery system mostly exploited Native Americans.

• The encomienda system paid laborers wages, whereas wages were not paid to enslaved people.

Before 1800, which of the following European imports had the greatest impact on the lives of the Plains Indians?

• Steel Plow

• Cattle

• Horses

• Money

Most archaeologists and historians believe that the first peoples who colonized the Americas came from

• Africa

• Asia

• western Europe

• The Mediterranean

“We have as yet no certaine proofe or experience concerning the vertues of... Corne, although the... Indians...are constrained to make a virtue of necessitie, and think it a good food: whereas we may easily judge that it nourisheth but little, and is of a hard... digestion, a more convenient food for swine than for men.”

John Gerard, English botanist, The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597

The development that brought "corne" to the attention of botanists such as Gerard is best known as the

• Enlightenment

• encomienda system

• trans-Atlantic slave trade

• Columbian Exchange

The most important factor that enabled the Spanish to conquer native peoples in Mexico and New Spain in the sixteenth century was the

• superior horsemanship displayed by the Spanish conquistadores

• introduction of European diseases to which native peoples were not resistant

• introduction of Christianity, which weakened the solidarity of native peoples

• introduction of cattle and pigs, which disrupted native patterns of agriculture