final

Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensis may have been bipedal come from the _________

• skull (the placement of the foramen magnum

• the pelvis, which is human like

• the internal architecture of the femur

• the foot, which has an in-line big toe

Derived traits that help distinguish modern humans from apes include:

• habitual bipedalism

• a long juvenile period

• increased encephalization

• all of these

The geological context of hominin sites in south Africa

• is less complicated than in east Africa

• permits precise radiometric dating of the sediment

• is characterized by complex cave deposits

• is exactly the same as in east Africa because of the close proximity

The species designation that Raymand Dart named was

• A. robustus

• A. boisei

• A. afarensis

• H. habilis

• A. africanus

Since Ardipithecus ramidus shows us that

• hominins developed bipedalism in an open savanna

• hominins developed bipedalism because of thermoregulation

• hominins developed bipedalism to carry objects across open areas

• hominins developed bipedalism in a wooded environment

• hominins developed bipedalism from birds

Which of the following is the best direct ancestor to Australopithecus afarensis?

• A. anamensis

• A. africanus

• A. aeithiopicus

• H. habilis

• A. garhi

The earliest australopithecines show up in the fossil record more than___.

• 1 mya

• 2mya

• 3mya

• 4mya

The first possible hominin is ______.

• A. afarensis

• Paranthropus aethiopicus

• Sahalenthropus tchadensis

• Orrorin tugenensis

A sagittal crest is

• only present in some non-human primates (e.g. gorilla)

• a characteristic of A. africanus in south Africa

• a raised ridge of bone running along the midline of the skull

• not present in any hominins

______ lived at the same time as boesei but had a significantly larger brain.

• A. afarensis

• K. platyops

• H. erectus

• Ardipithecus ramidus