Propaganda Techniques I-B

Name Calling (Ad Hominem)

• potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument
• an attack on a person instead of an issue
• Emotional appeal tries to persuade the reader by using words that appeal to the reader's emotions instead of to logic or reason
• states a conclusion as part of the proof of the argument

Bandwagon

• an attack on a person instead of an issue
• information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
• a fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it, often concisely encapsulated as: "If many believe so, it is so".
• potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument

Red Herring

• potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument
• The basic structure of the argument consists of Person A making a claim, Person B creating a distorted version of the claim, and then Person B attacking this distorted version in order to refute Person A's original assertion.
• A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
• information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Emotional Appeal

• an attack on a person instead of an issue
• A fallacy that involves the persuasion of the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea
• The basic structure of the argument consists of Person A making a claim, Person B creating a distorted version of the claim, and then Person B attacking this distorted version in order to refute Person A's original assertion.
• This technique involves the arguer attempting to persuade the reader by using words that make them feel bad instead of using logic or reason

Testimony

• The assumption that because one event follows another, the first is the cause of the second
• an attack on a person instead of an issue
• A fallacy that involves the persuasion of the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea
• The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption.

Sweeping Generalization

• A fallacy that involves the persuasion of the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea
• makes an oversimplified statement about a group based on limited information (stereotyping)
• The assumption that because one event follows another, the first is the cause of the second
• states a conclusion as part of the proof of the argument

Circular Argument (Begging the Question)

• an attack on a person instead of an issue
• The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption.
• a fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it, often concisely encapsulated as: "If many believe so, it is so".
• states a conclusion as part of the proof of the argument

False Cause (Post Hoc)

• The basic structure of the argument consists of Person A making a claim, Person B creating a distorted version of the claim, and then Person B attacking this distorted version in order to refute Person A's original assertion.
• Many arguments rely on an analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or situations. If the two things that are being compared aren't really alike in the relevant respects, the analogy is a weak one, and the argument that relies on it commits the fallacy of _____________.
• The assumption that because one event follows another, the first is the cause of the second
• makes an oversimplified statement about a group based on limited information (stereotyping)

Slippery Slope

• an attack on a person instead of an issue
• A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
• A fallacy that involves the persuasion of the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea
• The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption.

Weak Analogy

• an attack on a person instead of an issue
• a fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it, often concisely encapsulated as: "If many believe so, it is so".
• Many arguments rely on an analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or situations. If the two things that are being compared aren't really alike in the relevant respects, the analogy is a weak one, and the argument that relies on it commits the fallacy of _____________.
• states a conclusion as part of the proof of the argument