Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution Review

What is one reason that some Italian city-states such as Venice, Milan, and Naples grew into major commercial centers during the 13th and 14th centuries? 

• A. geographic location 

• B. artistic achievements 

• C. individual achievement 

• D. use of vernacular language

This photo is of the Ca’ d’Oro palace in Venice, Italy, built between 1428 and 1430.  The architect included Greek columns on all three levels, Byzantine decoration above the roofline, and Islamic arched windows in the design of the building.

Which of the following statements best describes the architectural style that developed during the Renaissance? 

 

• A. Renaissance architecture was heavily influenced by Northern European styles.

• B. Renaissance architecture is easily identified when viewed from inside a building. 

• C. Renaissance architecture was designed to withstand flooding caused by the changing of the tides. 

• D. Renaissance architecture was influenced by various Classical architecture styles from the Mediterranean Sea region.

Which of the following was an effect of Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press on Western Europe? 

• A. The price of books increased. 

• B. The number of universities in England decreased. 

• C. Literacy levels decreased among very religious leaders. 

• D. Europeans were exposed to new ideas about religious and secular thought.

The School of Athens was painted by Rafael in 1511.

How did the School of Athens reflect the development of humanism? 

 

• A. It blended medieval subjects, such as the nature of life after death, with secular subjects.

• B. It blended medieval subjects, such as the nature of life after death, with religious subjects. 

• C. It blended Greek and Roman cultures, as evidenced by the philosophers at the center of the background, with secular subjects.

• D. It blended Greek and Roman cultures, as evidenced by the philosophers at the center of the background, with religious subjects. 

How did the Protestant Reformation contribute to the development of the Scientific Revolution?

• A. The Protestant Reformation supported the development of the printing press.

• B. The Protestant Reformation supported the cultural rebirths of the Renaissance. 

• C. The Protestant Reformation supported independent thought on scientific matters which led to independent thought on spiritual matters. 

• D. The Protestant Reformation supported independent thought on spiritual matters which led to independent thought on scientific matters.

 In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published the theory that the universe was heliocentric, with the sun at the center. 

What was the effect of Copernicus’s theory of the universe? 

• A. It challenged Isaac Newton’s theory of gravity. 

• B. It challenged technology used by Galileo Galilei to build an astronomical telescope. 

• C. It challenged the medieval Catholic Church’s stance that the earth was the center of the universe. 

• D. It supported medieval scholars who had tried to make the physical world fit in with the teachings of the Catholic Church. 

Erasmus was a Dutch philosopher, Catholic priest, and playwright who wrote about church subjects in the early 1500s. 

Julius: Some say there is one cause for which a pope can be deposed. 

Peter: When he has done something good, I suppose, since he is not to be punished for his bad deeds. 

Julius: If he can be publicly convicted of heresy. But this is impossible, too. For he can cancel any canon he does not like. Or he can recant. 

Peter: Fortunate pope, who can cheat Christ with his laws! Quite true, the remedy in such case is not a council. 

Erasmus' play, Julius Excluded from Heaven, 1514 

Which of the following statements describes Erasmus’s criticism of the Catholic Church?

• A. The pope, as leader of the Catholic Church, has done something good.

• B. The pope has formed a council to convict members of the Catholic Church for heresy. 

• C. The pope corrupted the Catholic Church by going against church teachings and by abusing his power. 

• D. The pope is not to be punished for his bad deeds against the Catholic Church and was publicly convicted of heresy.

The map shows the location of the main religious denominations in Europe after the Reformation.

Which of the following statements describes the effect of the Reformation on Europe?

• A. Religious diversity decreased after the Reformation. 

• B. The population within each country uniformly all practiced the same religion.

• C. The development of new religious sects divided the populations between some countries.

• D. Military conflict between European countries was reduced due to increased religious unity. 

 How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation? 

 

• A. The Anglican Church was founded as an alternative to the Protestant Church.

• B. The Council of Trent was formed to put Martin Luther on trial for selling indulgences. 

• C. The Inquisition was ended because members of the Catholic Church were being found guilty of too many religious crimes.

• D. The Council of Trent was formed to reaffirm Catholic beliefs and end abuses in the Catholic Church in order to challenge the spread of Protestantism.

The Scientific Method is a step-by-step process of discovering the truth that was developed by the early 1600s. 

Which individual contributed to the development of the Scientific Method? 

• A. Aristotle 

• B. Isaac Newton 

• C. René Descartes 

• D. Nicolaus Copernicus