SOL: ILE DNA Tech, Gen, Evol 2025

In bean plants, green (A) is dominant to yellow fruit (a). If 2 heterozygous green fruit plants are crossed, what is the genotype % of the offspring?

• 75% Green and 25% yellow

• 25% Homo Dominant, 50% Heterozygous; 25% Homo Recessive

• 100 % Green

• None of these

Answer explanation

When two heterozygous green fruit plants (Aa x Aa) are crossed, the offspring genotypes are 25% AA (homo dominant), 50% Aa (heterozygous), and 25% aa (homo recessive). Thus, the correct answer is 25% Homo Dominant, 50% Heterozygous; 25% Homo Recessive.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-1

Structural differences between a tadpole and an adult frog are due to

• available food sources at different stages.

• type of DNA present at each developmental stage.

• combination of genetic material inherited during fertilization.

• different sets of genes expressed at each stage of development.

Answer explanation

The structural differences between a tadpole and an adult frog arise from different sets of genes being expressed at each developmental stage, leading to distinct physical forms as they mature.

Which is a phenotype?

• Pink

• Heterozygous

• Homozygous

Answer explanation

A phenotype refers to the observable traits of an organism, such as color. 'Pink' is a specific observable trait, while 'heterozygous' and 'homozygous' describe genetic makeup, not physical characteristics.

The DNA fingerprint shows a segment of DNA from a cat. Which is likely the kitten of the cat?

• Kitten 1

• Kitten 2

• Kitten 3

• Kitten 4

Answer explanation

Kitten 4 is likely the kitten of the cat because its DNA fingerprint matches the segment from the cat, indicating a biological relationship.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-1

Mutations and independent assortment of alleles are important because they bring about

• death of the organism in which they develop

• genetic variation needed for a population to evolve

• benefits for the individual, not for the population

• Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium within a population

Answer explanation

Mutations and independent assortment of alleles create genetic variation, which is essential for a population to evolve. This variation allows for adaptation to changing environments, making the correct answer 'genetic variation needed for a population to evolve'.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

NGSS.HS-LS4-2

Select ALL statements that are true of natural selection EXEPT

• Populations can evolve.

• Those with the variations (traits) best suited for the environment will survive.

• Individuals can evolve.

Answer explanation

Natural selection acts on populations, not individuals. While individuals may possess traits, evolution occurs at the population level over generations, making 'Individuals can evolve' the false statement.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-3

NGSS.HS-LS4-4

A farmer chooses to breed specific types of cows to increase milk production. This process is called ____.

• natural selection

• inheritance

• artificial selection

• descent without modification

Answer explanation

The correct answer is 'artificial selection' because the farmer is intentionally breeding cows for specific traits, such as increased milk production, which is a hallmark of artificial selection, unlike natural processes.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

How would you describe these two features?

• Homologous structures

• Analogous structures

• Structural adaption

• Functional adaption

Answer explanation

Analogous structures are features in different species that serve similar functions but do not share a common evolutionary origin. This distinguishes them from homologous structures, which arise from shared ancestry.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

​​ (a)   structures have the same parts have different functions. This suggests that organisms share a common ​ (b)  

• vestigial

• analogous

• fossil

• Homologous

• ancestor

Answer explanation

Homologous structures share the same parts but serve different functions, indicating a common ancestor. This evolutionary relationship highlights how diverse species can evolve from a shared lineage.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

With ​ (a)   # amino acid difference, the horse and the ​ (b)   are most closely related (see chart)

• 2

• human

• 3

• 1

• zebra

• gorilla

Answer explanation

The horse and zebra share only 1 amino acid difference, making them the closest relatives among the options. This indicates a closer evolutionary relationship compared to the other choices.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

NGSS.HS-LS4-1

NGSS.HS-LS4-2