25 Test Animal Systems I

A variety of microorganisms live as symbionts in the human digestive tract. What determines is whether their relationship with the human is parasitic or mutualistic?

• Whether their actions harm or benefit the human host

• Whether or not they gain energy from food that the human eats

• Their reproductive rate compared to the replication rate of human cells

• Their size compared to human cells.

Which property of an animal's mouth most strongly indicates whether the animal is a carnivore or an herbivore?

• The symmetry of the teeth and other mouthparts

• The size of the mouth

• The shape of the teeth, such as sharp or flat tops

• The chemical composition of the teeth

Chloe is constructing a diagram of the digestive tract in cattle. Her diagram includes a rumen, which is a pouch-like extension of the esophagus. Which addition to the diagram would be most useful to model the function of the rumen in food digestion?

• An arrow pointing down the esophagus that passes through the rumen

• An arrow pointing down the esophagus to the rumen, and the reversing up the esophagus.

• An arrow from the rumen to the blood that surrounds it

• An arrow into the rumen from the blood that surrounds it.

Food digestion occurs in much the same way in all vertebrates and many invertebrates. Which describes this common process?

• Food is gradually broken down in to smaller pieces as it travels through the blood.

• Food is broken down completely in the mouth, and the nutrients are carried to the cells.

• Food is broken down in a digestive cavity, and the nutrients are absorbed.

• Food is broken down and combined with oxygen in a digestive cavity, where all metabolism occurs.

All vertebrates breathe with either gills or lungs. Which is a property gills ONLY--and NOT lungs?

• Gases exchange across moist, selectively-permeable membranes.

• Air collects in tiny sacs called alveoli

• Water collects in tiny sacs called alveoli.

• Gases exchange across membranes that separate blood and water.

Which statement describes how the function of the lungs relates to the function of another organ system?

• The lungs depend on the skin (integumentary system) to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the body.

• The lungs depend on the digestive system to release carbon dioxide and transport oxygen

• The lungs depend on the circulatory system to transport carbon dioxide from cells and oxygen to the cells.

• The lungs depend on the muscular system to activly pump carbon dioxide and oxygen across blood membranes.

In insects, the respiratory involves structures called tracheal tubes. How to the tracheal tubes provide oxygen to the insect's body?

• Oxygen is pumped through tracheal tubes to the insect's lungs.

• Oxygen diffuses through tracheal tubes that extend throughout the insect's body.

• Oxygen diffuses through tracheal tubes that connect to form a single channel, similar to the digestive cavity.

• Oxygen is pumped through tracheal tubes that connect to form a single channel, similar to the digestive cavity.

In the lungs of mammals, airways branch into a series of narrowing tubes that end in alveoli. How does gas exchange occur between alveoli and blood capillaries?

• Gases diffuse across a thin, semipermeable membrane.

• Gases are pumped through protein channels in the membrane.

• Gases diffuse across a wide opening between alveoli and blood capillaries.

• Gases are captured by red blood cells in the alveoli, which then are carried into the blood.

A large grasshopper and a small mouse may be similar in size. However, the total length of blood vessels is much greater in the mouse, and the mouse's heart pumps at much higher pressure than the grasshopper's hearts. Which statement is most useful for explaining these observations?

• The mouse pumps blood through its circulatory system; the grasshopper pumps air and water

• The mouse has a four-chambered heart; the grasshopper has a much simpler heart structure.

• The mouse is a mammal; the grasshopper is an insect.

• The mouse has a closed circulatory system; the grasshopper has an open circulatory system.

The terms atrium and ventricle are used to describe chambers in a wide variety of animal hearts. What do all atria and ventricles have in common among all of these hearts?

• Atria always receive blood from the body; ventricles always pump blood back to the body.

• Atria always receives blood from the lungs or gills; ventricles always receive blood from other body structures.

• Atria always pump blood to lungs or gills; ventricles always pump blood to other body structures.

• Atria always receive or pump blood; ventricles receive blood only.