Living Environment Regents - Cells and Related Processes

Research has shown that treadmill training increases the number of certain energy-releasing structures in the brain cells of rats. The cellular structures referred to in this study are most likely

• mitochondria

• nuclei

• vacuoles

• ribosomes

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Which process must first take place in order for the proteins in foods to be used by body cells?

• digestion

• storage

• synthesis

• excretion

The diagram below represents the formation of a cancerous growth. Which statement best explains the events represented in this diagram?

• A gene mutation caused the cells to become muscle cells.

• The growth resulted from the introduction of a vaccine.

• A gene mutation caused abnormal mitotic cell division.

• The growth resulted from uncontrolled meiotic cell division.

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Which statement best explains why different body cells of the same individual look and function differently?

• Each cell contains different genes.

• Different genes are activated in different kinds of cells.

• Cells are able to change to adapt to their surroundings.

• Half of the genes in the cells came from the mother and half from the father.

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The development of organs and tissues from a zygote includes

• mitosis and differentiation

• mitosis and gamete production

• meiosis and gamete production

• meiosis and fertilization

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An ameba is a single-celled organism. It uses its cell membrane to obtain food from its environment, digests the food with the help of organelles called lysosomes, and uses other organelles to process the digested food. From this, we can best infer that

• all single-celled organisms have lysosomes to digest food

• amebas are capable of digesting any type of food molecule

• single-celled organisms are as complex as multicellular organisms

• structures in amebas have functions similar to organs in multicellular organisms

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The process of transferring energy during respiration occurs in a series of steps. This prevents too much heat from being released at one time. Maintaining an appropriate temperature is beneficial to an organism because

• enzymes need a proper range of temperatures to catalyze vital reactions

• cellular waste products can only be excreted in cooler temperatures

• hormones can only produce antibodies if temperatures are not excessive

• nutrients diffuse faster into cells when temperatures are lower

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Fruits and vegetables exposed to air begin to brown because of a chemical reaction in their cells. This may result in these foods being thrown out. Some people have found that adding lemon juice (citric acid) to apple slices keeps them from turning brown. The prevention of browning is likely the result of

• increasing the concentration of enzymes

• increasing the temperature

• slowing the rate of enzyme action

• maintaining the pH

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Which sequence of terms is in the correct order from simplest to most complex?

• cells --> tissues--> organs -->> organ systems
• tissues --> organisms --> cells --> organ systems
• cells --> tissues --> organ systems --> organs
• organs --> organisms --> organ systems --> cells

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The diagram represents levels of organization in living things.
Which term would best represent X?

• stomach
• organelle
• tissue
• human

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