Summer Final Exam Review

Which process requires cellular energy?

• Active transport

• Osmosis

• Diffusion

• . Passive transport

The coded information of a DNA molecule is determined by the —

• sequence of amino acids.

• sequence of nitrogenous bases.

• sequence of sugar-phosphate units.

• number of enzymes.

The enzyme peptidase is responsible for breaking down protein molecules into —

• simple sugars

• complex sugars.

• fatty acids.

• amino acids.

Some cells, such as nerve cells, are programmed to always remain in the Gap 1 state ("G1" phase). If nerve cells engage in mitosis, a disruption of the cell cycle has occurred. The growth of additional nerve cells can lead to —

• a change in sex

• a loss of DNA.

• the development of cancer.

• the creation of a virus.

The cell cycle is disrupted when there is an abnormal increase in the rate of mitosis ("M" phase). An abnormal and uncontrolled increase in the rate of mitosis is frequently associated with an individual developing —

• into two or more organisms.

• only one sex cell

• a single set of chromosomes.

• a type of cancer.

Cells must manufacture certain proteins called cyclins to start synthesis ("S" phase). Sometimes, cells are stimulated by a virus to manufacture too much of a cyclin. This disruption in the cell cycle typically causes the cell to react by —

• producing tumors, which may lead to cancer

• developing organelles, which may lead to bone loss.

• taking in water, which may lead to inflammation.

• fragmenting into platelets, which may lead to anemia.

The purpose of transcription is to create —

• a sequence of RNA bases that organizes a sequence of DNA bases.

• a sequence of DNA bases that deletes a sequence of RNA bases.

• a sequence of RNA bases that complements a sequence of DNA bases.

• a sequence of DNA bases that duplicates a sequence of RNA bases.

One of the purposes of transcription is to produce a sequence of bases that —

• transforms into carbohydrate molecules.

• substitutes for essential amino acids.

• codes for the manufacture of a specific protein.

• replicates molecules of DNA without using sugars.

Transcription produces —

• strands of messenger RNA and transfer RNA in order to synthesize proteins.

• strands of transfer RNA and sugars in order to synthesize proteins.

• only strands of messenger RNA in order to synthesize proteins.

• only strands of proteins in order to synthesize other proteins

While on an excavation, an archaeologist uncovers some bones. He suspects that they belonged to an early ancestor of today's modern horse. What is the best method to use to test this belief?

• Create a linkage of bones from similar burial sites

• Perform a cytochrome C comparison of the two subjects

• Perform a DNA comparison of the two subjects

• Create a model showing the two organisms side by side