Biosphere (Flora and Fauna in The World)

A layer consisting of land, water, and air, where life takes place

• Biography

• Biosphere

• Biology

• Biogeography

The boundaries of biosphere

• 80 km towards the atmosphere and 90 km towards the depth of the sea.

• 18 km towards the atmosphere and 19 km towards the depth of the sea.

• 8 km towards the atmosphere and 9 km towards the depth of the sea.

• 0,8 km towards the atmosphere and 0,9 km towards the depth of the sea.

A unique biological community, covering a large area and as response to differences in environmental and climatic characteristics

• Biome

• Desert

• Habitat

• Life

Below is not the characteristics of a biome

• There is a climax community

• The community is stable over time

• Covering a narrow area

• Has a unique climate and geographical area.

Below is not the factor that influence distribution of flora and fauna

• History

• Climate

• Edaphic

• Biotic

Below is not climate element that affect distribution of flora and fauna

• Temperature

• Humidity

• wind

• Soil

Characteristics of Biome:

´Get enough water all year round. (rainfall > 2,000 mm/year)

´High annual temperature, averaging 17- 28 0C

´Allows plants to grow in a long time.

´Complex or diverse plant species.

´Main trees can reach a height of 20-40 meters.

´The branches of the trees have dense leaves (forming a canopy).

´There are typical plants of Liana (rattan) and Epiphytes (Orchids, Ferns/tumbuhan paku).

´Distribution: Tropical and subtopical areas (Central and south America, Central Africa, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea).

• Desert

• Tundra

• Tropical Rainforets

• Taiga

Characteristics of biome:

´The distance between the trees is not so tight.

´Trees drop leaves in winter.

´There are  4 seasons in the area (summer, fall, winter, spring).

´There are cherry, oak, maple, birch, cedar, elm, and beech trees.

´Distribution: commonly in temperate areas (USA, Western and Central Europe, East Asia, New Zealand, Chile).

• Tropical rainforest

• Taiga

• Deciduous Forest

• Mangrove forest

Characteristics of biome:

´It’s characterized by very long winters and short summers.

´Consist of one tree species.

´Consist of several types of coniferous and pine trees (Spruce, Alder, Birch).

´Short growing period (3-6 months).

´Distribution: Subtropical areas to The Poles (Siberia, Russia, Scandinavia, Alaska, Canada).

• Taiga

• Tropical season forest

• Tundra

• Desert

Characteristics of biome:

´It has short/little (250-500 mm/year) and irregular rainfall.

´Existing animals: herbivores (zebra, kangaroo, bison), predators (lions, wild dogs, snakes), insects (grasshoppers, dragonflies (capung)).

´The other name of this biome: Praire (North America), Veldt (South Africa), Pampa (South America), Steppes (Mongolia, Tibet, Russia), Puzta (Hungary).

• Desert

• Tropical rainforest

• Meadow

• Tundra