According to Piaget's Constructionist Theory, children are born with action-based psychological structures that help them organize and make sense of the world.

• schema

• paradigms

• frameworks

• scaffolds

During which of the following stages did Piaget believe children develop object permanency?

• Sensorimotor

• Pre-Operational

• Concrete Operational

• Formal Operational

According to ___, the four Elementary Mental Functions of Attention, Sensation, Perception, and Memory develop into Higher Mental Functions through interaction with a child's cultural environment.

• Lev Vygotsky

• Jean Piaget

• Brofenbrenner

• Erikson

According to Vygotsky, ___ allows a child to first develop self talk which can eventually evolve into inner speech.

• language

• play

• scaffolding

• mediation

Unlike Piaget, Information-processing psychologists

• do not see development as occurring in distinct stages with a brief transition period from one stage to the next.

• see children as directing their own cognitive development.

• identify cognitive capabilities and limitations at various points in development.

• try to explain how more advanced understanding grows out of a less advanced version.

According to Information-processing theorists, which of the four types of attention is most concerned with action planning and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances?

• Executive

• Sustained

• Divided

• Selective

Some supporters of Vygotsky's development theories may have issues with Erickson's psycho-social theories because they may feel that Erickson

• underestimates the effects of culture.

• based his theories largely on anecdotal evidence.

• was too biased because his theories were largely based only on men and boys.

• was too biased because his theories were largely based only on his own children and those of his colleagues.

According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, the interaction between a family and their child's school is known as the

• mesosystem.

• microsystem.

• exosystem.

• chronosystem.

Which of the following can teachers do to ensure they are supporting their student's sense of self and positive identity in the classroom?

• Make sure that there is representation of the student's identity groups in the curriculum beyond tokenism

• Avoid discussion of hot-button issues in the classroom out of fear of offending people.

• Require students of conflicting identities to work together to break down walls.

Erickson advocated that children between 0-2 who experienced interactions with caretakers based on trust, dependability, and consistency would develop and outcome of

• hope.

• integrity.

• productivity.

• initiative.