More Period One Review

“On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . .

As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe.

“. . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued.”

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012

Which of the following contributed most significantly to the population trend in pre-Columbian Mexico described in the excerpt?

• Migration in pursuit of fertile lands

• Trade and settlement resulting from maize cultivation

• Low birth rates and high death tolls as a result of European diseases

• Internal conflict between groups causing political instability

• Soup

“On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . .

As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe.

“. . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued.”

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012

Which of the following best characterizes the Mississippian societies described in the excerpt?

• They had mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.

• They were nomadic peoples who utilized river systems to move throughout the region.

• They lived in isolated, impermanent communities and left very little trace of their presence once a settlement had been abandoned.

• They used advanced agricultural practices like irrigation to support economic growth.

• They survived solely by eating soup and pancakes.

“On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . .

As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe.

“. . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued.”

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012

Which of the following most directly contributed to the advanced development of both pre-Columbian American societies described in the excerpt?

• Creation of military forces stronger than those of most rival societies

• Access to waterways to transport goods and trade with other societies

• Adaptation to and use of the natural environment for their own benefit

• Transfer of power through inheritance, which reinforced spiritual claims to authority

• Stuff

“The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year.... [I]t would seem... that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race.... [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs... that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola.”

Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552

Which of the following most directly resulted from the change in the Native American population described by Las Casas?

• The Spanish introduced new crops into the Americas, altering the native diet.

• The Spanish imported Africans as a new source of labor.

• Laborers on Hispaniola launched a large-scale rebellion against their Spanish oppressors.

• The remaining native groups established alliances with the Spanish colonists.

“The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year.... [I]t would seem... that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race.... [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs... that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola.”

Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552

In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to

• organize and regulate Native American labor

• improve trade relations with Native Americans

• draft Native Americans into the Spanish military

• limit intermarriage between Spaniards and Native Americans

• create a new flavour (sorry for getting all British on you) of ice-cream

Which of the following was a major difference between the encomienda system and slave labor in the Spanish colonies?

• The encomienda system was developed specifically for plantation agriculture, whereas slaves were used only in mines.

• The encomienda system imported servants from Europe, whereas the slavery system mostly exploited Native Americans.

• The encomienda system exploited the labor of Native Americans, whereas slavery more typically extracted labor from enslaved Africans.

• The encomienda system paid laborers wages, whereas wages were not paid to enslaved people.

Which of the following was an outcome of the Columbian Exchange?

• The life expectancy of Native Americans increased.

• Horses and smallpox were introduced in Europe.

• Sugar and rice were introduced in Africa.

• The diets of Europeans improved.

• Trick question, the Columbian Exchange never happened because the world is flat and Columbus and all of his crew members fell off the edge of the earth.

Before 1800, which of the following European imports had the greatest impact on the lives of the Plains Indians?

• Steel plow

• Cattle

• Horses

• Christianity

• Captain Crunch

“The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year.... [I]t would seem... that the Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race.... [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs... that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola.”

Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552

In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to

• organize and regulate Native American labor

• improve trade relations with Native Americans

• draft Native Americans into the Spanish military

• limit intermarriage between Spaniards and Native Americans

• duct tape

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World between

• Spain and France

• France and England

• Portugal and Spain

• England and Portugal

• Bob and Steve