APHG Chap 9 Agriculture

global movement of plants and animals between the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and New World (the Americas) after the age of exploration.

• transhumance

• pastoral nomadism

• Columbian Exchange

• Second Agricultural Revolution

• Green Revolution

agriculture in which farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill to create more suitable farming conditions

• hillside farming

• terrace farming

• slope agriculture

• step agriculture

• intensive farming

the process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops

• irrigation

• cultivation

• transhumance

• domestication

• flooding

large-scale farming, mostly in MDCs, focused on raising one type of crop or animal to sell for profit.

• subsistence agriculture

• pastoral nomadism

• double cropping

• commercial agriculture

• market farming

small-scale farming, mostly in LDCs, focused on raising food for direct consumption of a family or community.

• subsistence agriculture

• pastoral nomadism

• double cropping

• commercial agriculture

• extensive farming

series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers

• feudal land grants

• Enclosure Acts

• transhumance

• Land Grant Acts

• Agri Reform Laws

the advances in plant biology that helped to develop higher yields, resistance to diseases, and faster growing varieties of grains during the Third Agricultural Revolution

• Agricultural cloning

• Agribusiness

• The Green Revolution

• Subsidies

• The Science Revolution

genetically modified organisms; use of engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed.

• Hybridization

• GMO

• Cloning

• Double Cropping

• Plant Heredity

commercial agriculture integrated with the food-processing industry, usually through ownership of large corporations, mostly found in MDCs

• transhumance

• intensive subsistence

• pastoral nomadism

• agribusiness

• transnational corporations

agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital, effort per individual, and overall manpower

• Extensive

• Intensive

• Commercial

• Subsistence

• Shifting