Methods of Motivation

What is most closely the meaning of “operant conditioning” as it is used in the Counterpoint essay?

• A. Reinforcing positive behavior with food.

• B. Teaching a subject how to do a task through drills and repetition.

• C. Punishing bad behavior with negative consequences.

• D. Reinforcing behavior through a system of rewards and consequences to support learning.

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Which of the following statements about motivation is best supported by the selection from the Point essay below (paragraph 10)?

• A. Choice and intellectual freedom inspire a sense of investment in learning.

• B. Students are only motivated if they get to do whatever they want.

• C. Community projects help students see how lucky they are which fosters their motivation to do well in school.

• D. Students will be motivated to learn if they don’t have to worry about grades.

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Which of the following scenarios best explains “stimulation-based intrinsic motivation” as it is described in the Point essay? 

• A. You finished a tricky 9x9 KenKen puzzle.

• B. You learned French subjunctive conjugation in time for your trip to Paris.

• C. You baked your first pumpkin pie from scratch for Thanksgiving and it was delicious.

• D. Your uncle gave you $20 for mowing his lawn.

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The following passage from the Counterpoint essay (paragraph 16) mainly shows that ______.

• A. there is no direct correlation between incentives and learning

• B. although positive reinforcement works, it is relatively ineffective if it isn’t coupled with negative consequences

• C. the use of either positive or negative reinforcement is an effective teaching tool

• D. when a punishment is used to stop negative behavior, it makes the recipient feel ashamed and causes them to stop the behavior

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What is most closely the central idea of the passage below from the Point essay (paragraphs 7–8)?

• A. There isn’t really any difference between tangible and intangible rewards, they all produce the same effect.

• B. Stimulation-based motivation is the most effective form of intrinsic motivation.

• C. When companies let their workers create their own schedule, they are happier and more likely to perform well.

• D. Companies are wise to implement practices that support their employees' sense of intrinsic motivation.

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Which line from the text best supports the correct answer to the previous question?

• A. “Some businesses offer flexibility of scheduling and more autonomy, so that workers feel empowered to make choices and decisions.”

• B. “...interaction with others can appeal to workers’ stimulation-based motivation.”

• C. “It would be expensive, and it might result in employees’ ceasing to work hard unless they anticipate some kind of remuneration.”

• D. “...employers should emphasize the kinds of intrinsic motivation that make workers want to be productive.”

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What is most closely the central idea of the following passage from the Counterpoint essay (paragraph 18)?

• A. Wealthy businesses are more likely to have hard-working employees.

• B. Businesses that don’t offer perks can’t retain their employees.

• C. Businesses need to show they care about the comfort and well-being of their staff.

• D. Successful businesses spend money on their employees so they will stay and work hard.

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Which line from the text best supports the correct answer to Question 7?

• A. “The usual benefits of dental insurance and two-week vacations seem old-fashioned…”

• B. “...they are competing with other businesses that can offer good workers solid benefits,...”

• C. “Those businesses do not spend their money foolishly. They want to incentivize their workers to feel comfortable working long hours...”

• D. “...the day care centers, the state-of-the-art gyms, the meditation rooms and arcades, the free food and recording studios.”

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Which statement best expresses the effectiveness of the arguments in these two paragraphs?

• A. The Point author’s argument is more effective than the Counterpoint author’s argument because the examples are easy for readers to understand.

• B. The Counterpoint author’s argument is more effective than the Point author’s argument because the evidence is based on a scientific experiment.

• C. Both arguments are effective because they are based on evidence and sound reasoning.

• D. Both arguments are ineffective because neither author explains how the evidence is directly connected to the claims.

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