Lifespan Chapter 2 Test

According to Erikson, which psychosocial stage of development do adolescents face?

• Initiative versus guilt.

• Identity versus identity confusion.

• Trust versus mistrust.

• Autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Which of the following is not one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

• Preoperational

• Concrete operational

• Formal operational

• Postoperational

3. Vykgotsky is associated with which developmental theory?A. Sociocultural theory.B. Operant conditioning.C. Behaviorism.D. Cognitive theory.

• Sociocultural theory

• Operant conditioning

• Behaviorism

• Cognitive theory

4. Which of the following is not a level of thinking in making moral decisions, according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

• Higher principles

• Personal gain

• Reward and punishment

• Laws and others' perceptions

5. What was the end result of Pavlov's experiment with the dog?

• The dog ceased to salivate at all.

• The dog salivated at the sight of food only.

• The dog salivated at the sound of the bell.

• The dog salivated without any external prompts.

6. B.F. Skinner is credited with discovering _____ conditioning.

• behavioral

• classical

• cognitive

• operant

The theory that people are affected by rewards and punishments, but that their reactions to rewards and punishments are filtered by their own perceptions, thoughts, and motivations is called _____ theory.

• behavioral

• ecological

• social cognitive

• psychoanalytic

8. Which of the following is the most accurate description of ethological theory?

• A. Individuals' traits and behaviors are based on biological factors.

• B. Rewards and punishments hold the greatest influences over behavior.

• C. Individuals' traits and behaviors are based on environmental factors.

• D. Development occurs at an unconscious level and is buried in emotion.

9. Family, community, peers, and the media are all examples of _____ influences.

• biological

• behaviorist

• envioronmental

• socio-emotional

10. Which method of research would a researcher use to measure changes in a group of individuals over a period of time?

• Descriptive studies

• Longitudinal studies

• Naturalistic experiments

• Cross-sectional studies