EXPERTISE-CH9-INTROCOG

Which three phases characterise skill acquisition?

• discovery phase, being told by others phase, learning by example phase

• the copious phase, the approachable phase, the amenable phase

• the cognitive phase, the associative phase & the autonomous phase

What is tactical learning?

• Learning sequences of actions required to solve a particular problem

• Mastering each element before learning new material

• Learning how to organise one's problem solving to apply it to problems of similar structure

What does the theory of identical elements state?

• Each skill has a set of unique elements which are not transferable

• Transfer between skills only happens when they share knowledge elements

• Learning a similar skill makes the you worse at learning another skill

Answer explanation

NB. The third option "Learning a similar skill makes the individual worse at learning another skill" is also called negative transfer. According to Anderson, this rarely happens with skills although this interference occurs in memory for facts. See p. 310 for further detail.

What happens during the cognitive phase in skill acquisition?

• The skill is slowly perfected by eliminating errors in initial understanding

• The skill is misunderstood

• The skill becomes more automatic and rapid

• A declarative encoding of a skill is developed and used

What is proceduralization?

• when information held in declarative memory is converted into procedural knowledge

• when information is separated into chunks

What is strategic learning?

• Learning sequences of actions required to solve a particular problem

• Learning how to organise one's problem solving to apply it to problems of similar structure

• Mastering each element in the curriculum before learning new material

What happens during the associative phase in skill acquisition?

• The skill is the most automatic and rapid in this phase

• A declarative encoding of a skill is developed and used

• The skill is slowly perfected by eliminating errors in initial understanding

• The skill becomes difficult again

What are intelligent tutoring systems?

• Online forum where you can hire private tutors

• Systems that help students cheat at exams

• Books that guide students

• Computer system with AI that interact with students to help them learn

What are componential analyses? Approaches to ....

• ... instruction which begin with analysing individual components to be taught

• ... instruction relying on the individual's representation of problems

• ... to problem solving using means-end analysis to solve problems

What happens during the automatic phase in skill acquisition?

• Knowledge about the skill becomes easily transferable to other skills

• The skill is slowly forgotten

• The skill becomes more automatic and rapid

• The skill integrates with other skills