What types of political structures existed prior to the formation of the Han Dynasty in China?

• Large, monolithic states.

• A small collection of city-states spread throughout China.

• Many smaller kingdoms and nomadic groups.

• Many nomadic groups and a few established settlements.

Answer explanation

Prior to the Han Dynasty, there were a number of small kingdoms in the region of modern-day China with pastoral groups along the outskirts in central Asia. These groups were often at odds with one another. The Qin Dynasty gained control over the region, but this was a short-lived empire that was known for its authoritarianism.

What were the three stages of the Han Dynasty?

• Eastern Han, Wang Mang, and Western Han

• Wang Mang, Eastern Han, and Western Han

• Wang Mang, Western Han, and Eastern Han

• Western Han, Wang Mang, and Eastern Han

Answer explanation

The period can be broken down into three stages: •Western Han (206 BCE to 9 CE), when the capital is Chang’an

•Wang Mang (9 to 23 CE), also called Xin dynasty or Wang interregnum (pause between wars)

•Eastern Han (25 to 220 CE), when the capital is Luoyang

_____ was the first Han emperor.

What types of philosophies did the Han rulers adopt?

• Confucianism and Buddhism

• Legalism and Confucianism

• Buddhism and Hinduism

• Legalism and Shintoism.

Answer explanation

The Han incorporated Legalism with Confucianism and elements of Daoism into their ruling philosophy.

Why was it an advantage to incorporate multiple philosophies instead of just one?

• Each different philosophy has different advantages.

• Adopting multiple philosophies would likely please different groups.

• It allowed the Han to pick and choose which philosophy they wanted to follow.

• Different Han emperors liked different philosophies and this helped keep things stable.

Answer explanation

The Chinese had not been happy with the authoritarian Legalism of the previous dynasty but there were elements of it that proved useful. Most of the government officials were trained in Confucianism so adopting multiple philosophies may have pleased numerous factions and brought stability to the state.

What innovations in farming developed during Han rule?

• Iron tools.

• The Han learned how to harvest silk.

• Steel tools.

• The ox plow.

Answer explanation

The manufacture of iron and silk was placed under imperial control. New agricultural tools were invented including those made of steel, which increased food production.

________ was a valuable commodity, which was used to create wealth through trade.

Who were the Xiongnu?

• Nomadic people who lived on the outskirts of Han China.

• The ruling family of Han China at the end of the 2nd century.

• An group of rebels in the south of China.

• A group of advisors to the Han emperor.

Answer explanation

The Xiongnu were a pastoral people that mainly lived along the outskirts of Han China. They Xiongnu were threatened by the expansion of Han power and caused problems for the Han by raiding along the border.

How are the Wang Interregnum and the Mandate of Heaven interconnected?

Answer explanation

Wang Mang, an imperial minister, claimed that the Han emperor had lost the Mandate of Heaven or right to rule because he had failed his people. He took over the government with the help of angry (and hungry) peasants, which was a period known as the Wang Interregnum.

What issues eventually led to the fall of the Han Dynasty?

• Corruption and conflict in the imperial court.

• Invasion of the mongols.

• An outbreak of civil war.

• The last emperor died without an heir.

Answer explanation

Corruption within the court and conflict between the eunuchs and ministers of the empresses meant that the Han rulers were no longer attending to the needs of the people. Add to this a number of natural disasters (floods and droughts) and the successors of the Han claimed that they had lost the Mandate of Heaven, which meant the end of the Han.