Why do we feel nostalgia?

The term nostalgia was coined:

• In the late 17th century

• In the late 20th century

• By a social psychologist

• By a marketing company

People are particularly likely to feel nostalgic when they are ...

• younger

• older

• experiencing negative emotional states

• experiencing positive emotional states

Nostalgic memories

• are typically sad

• differ depending on culture

• are usually only experienced by older adults

• typically focus on social relationships

Nostalgia has been shown by research to

• increase a sense of meaning in life

• increase feelings of loneliness

• make people feel old

• make people feel hopeless

Modern scientific research indicates that nostalgia ...

• causes anxiety

• improves psychological health

• has no observable psychological effects

• increases feelings of loneliness

How might nostalgia serve to increase wellbeing when people experience distressing states such as loneliness?

• Nostalgia has no impact on wellbeing during distressing states
• Nostalgia can make people feel more lonely and isolated
• Nostalgia can provide a sense of comfort and connection to positive memories, increase self-esteem, encourage psychological growth

• Nostalgia can lead to increased distress and negative emotions

Scholars’ conceptualization of nostalgia has changed over the centuries. What factors explain these changing views on nostalgia?

• Careful and systematic empirical observation

• Development of science

• Increasing of migration worldwide

• Scientific studies and research

• All of the above