The Navajo's relationship with the Spanish was mostly hostile. What does hostile mean?

neither friendly, nor unfriendly

"Traditionally, the Navajo believe in hozho, or 'walking in beauty'." What does this mean?

To live in harmony with the Earth.

Wearing nice clothes and having a cool haircut.

Where do scholars think the Navajo migrated from?

From Alaska and Northwest Canada.

Where do the Navajo live now?

In parts of Utah, Arizona and New Mexico.

In parts of Texas and Oklahoma.

In parts of California and Nevada.

Why do historians think the Apache also migrated from Canada and Alaska?

Because the Apache language is an Althabascan language.

Because in the Apache oral history they say that.

Because they are hunter-gatherers.

Because they were the same clothes as the Althabascans.

"Whatever their origins, the Apache are quite different from the Navajo and Pueblo peoples." How are they different?

The Apache were not farmers, they were hunter gatherers.

The Apache came from South America.

The Apache were not friendly to other peoples.

Where did the 'Apache' name come from?

It comes from the Zuni word for "enemy".

It comes from the Zuni word for "neighbor".

It comes from the Apache word for "warrior".

It comes from the Hopi word for "friendly".

Why did the Zuni call the Apache people 'Apache'?

Because the Apache would raid and attack Pueblo villages.

Because the Apache called themselves Apache.

Because they were strong and fast like the helicopter named 'Apache'.

Because they were affectionate and gentle to their children and relatives.

What was one of the advantages of the wickiup houses?

They could be easily taken apart and moved.

They were not as strong as the pueblos or hogans.

They were stronger and bigger than pueblos or hogans.

They could last for a very long time.

Where do the Apache live now?

In parts of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Airzona.

Which phrase best describes Pueblo peoples such as the Hopi and the Zuni?

farmers who remained in one place and grew crops

gatherers who roamed the desert in search of edible plants

hunters who moved from place to place in pursuit of game animals

craftspeople who traveled all over the Southwest to sell their goods

“Pueblo homes were modeled after the cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Pueblo. They are cube-like rooms stacked on top of each other. The largest rooms are at the bottom, while the smaller rooms are near the top. There are also fewer rooms near the top. So the entire house does not look like a big square or rectangle but more like a small, stepped pyramid. Wooden ladders outside of the rooms were usually used to get from one floor to another. Sometimes the bottom floor would have no doors or windows, and a person could get in only by climbing a ladder. This made the structure easy to defend because the ladder could be pulled up. Pueblo buildings were usually home to several families and had connecting shared rooms.” What do the details in the text suggest about the Pueblo peoples? Choose two responses

They were sometimes attacked by outsiders.

They had little knowledge of their past.

They usually lived high on mountaintops.

They lived far away from most family members.

“They also took advantage of the sand dunes that formed against the sides of mesas .” Which of these choices is most likely the meaning of the word mesas ?

flat-topped hills with steep slopes

sacred places where kachinas reside

plants that store water in order to survive in the desert

ancient Native American villages found in the Southwest

Which evidence from the text best supports the correct response to the previous question?

“During the other half, they live near the Hopi villages and bring with them rain and the growing season.”

“According to Hopi beliefs, kachinas are spirits who live in sacred places for half of the year.”

“The kachinas are represented by masked dancers who perform in the villages when the kachinas visit.”

“There are hundreds of kachinas, so the dancers often give small, carved kachina dolls to children to help them learn about the spirits.”

“The Apache were not farmers, but hunter-gatherers. They hunted buffalo, deer, cougar, and other animals. The Apache were very skilled hunters and had tricks such as rubbing themselves with animal fat to hide their scent. They also gathered agave, cactus, nuts, and berries. Sometimes they would get food and supplies by trading with their Pueblo neighbors. Other times, they would conduct raids against Pueblo villages, earning them a reputation of being fierce and warlike.” How was the Apache’s way of acquiring food different from that of the Navajo and Pueblo peoples?