___________ presents a defensible position on a subject, then develops a line of reasoning to support the position, appealing to ethos and pathos where appropriate.

• Exemplification or illustration

• Cause and effect

• Argument/ persuasion

• Process analysis

________ informs readers of how to do something or how something works, how a sequence of actions leads to a particular result; usually includes step-by-step directions.

• Description

• Classification

• Process analysis

• Cause and effect

________ tells a story about a topic, usually following a logical sequence like chronological order.

• Description

• Classification

• Process analysis

• Narration

________ explains the meaning or the qualities of a thing, subject, or idea by denoting its boundaries (what it IS and what it ISN'T).

• Definition

• Classification

• Process analysis

• Narration

________ explains the reasons leading to a particular result, or the many results that follow a single event or reason.

• Definition

• Classification

• Cause and effect

• Narration

________ details the parts or elements of a topic; breaking something apart to show how each piece fits together and works to create the whole.

• Analysis

• Classification

• Cause and effect

• Narration

________ explains how a varied group of objects, subjects or ideas can be sorted and placed in groups or categories.

• Division

• Classification

• Cause and effect

• Narration

________ explains in detail what makes two or more subjects different.

• Division

• Classification

• Cause and effect

• Contrast

Like looking through a telescope or magnifying glass, __________ helps other readers to understand the subject through the evidence of their senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell) by emphasizing the most noticeable or important details.

• Division

• Description

• Cause and effect

• Contrast

________ explains in detail what makes two or more subjects similar.

• Comparison

• Description

• Cause and effect

• Contrast