ACT: Bar Codes

In 1948, graduate students, ^{Norman Woodland and Bernard Silver,} took on a problem that had troubled retailers for years: how to keep track of store inventories

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• students, Norman Woodland and Bernard Silver

•  students Norman Woodland and Bernard Silver

• students Norman Woodland and Bernard Silver,

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Inspired by the dots and dashes of Morse Code, ^however, Woodland and Silver created a system of lines that could encode data. Called a symbology, the pattern created by the spacing and widths of the line’s encodes information by representing different characters.

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• in other words,

• consequently,

• DELETE the underlined portion.

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The first bar code was composed of four white lines set at specific ^{distances from each} other on a black background.

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• distances so that each was separated, one from the

• locations, each one set apart from the

• lengths of distance from each

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The first line was always present. [4] Depending on the presence or absence of the remaining three lines, up to seven different arrangements were susceptible and, therefore, seven different encodings.

The writer is considering deleting the preceding sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?

• Kept, because it begins the description that is completed in the sentence that follows.

• Kept, because it gives a clear image of what the first bar code looks like.

• Deleted, because it provides an extra detail that is not relevant to the subject of the paragraph.

• Deleted, because it contradicts a point made later in the paragraph.

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Depending on the presence or absence of the remaining three lines, up to seven different arrangements were ^susceptible and, therefore, seven different encodings. Today, twenty-nine white lines making more than half a billion encodings possible.

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• responsible

• possible

• capable

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Depending on the presence or absence of the remaining three lines, up to seven different arrangements were susceptible and, therefore, seven different encodings. Today, twenty-nine white lines ^making more than half a billion encodings possible.

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• which make

• to make

• make

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To create a bar code scanner, Woodland and Silver adapted technology from an optical movie sound system. Their prototype scanner used a 500-watt bulb, a photomultiplier tube (a device that detects light), and an oscilloscope (a device that translates electronic signals into readable information). Although successful, the ^concoction was both large and costly.

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• contraption

• substance

• stuff

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^{For example,} progress stalled until the 1970’s, when laser technology (both more compact and less expensive) became available.

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• As a result,

• However,

• Even so,

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In today’s scanners, a laser sends light back and forth across a bar code. While the black lines absorb the light, the white lines reflect ^it back at a fixed mirror inside the scanner. In this way, the scanner reads the symbology and decodes the information.

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• them

• ones

• one

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[10] Today, 11 being that there are one- and two-dimensional bar codes using numeric and alphanumeric symbologies.

Which of the following true statements, if added here, would most effectively lead into the new subject of the paragraph?

• In the 1940s, Woodland and Silver were graduate students at the Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia.

• Woodland and Silver were granted a patent for their bar code on October 7, 1952.

• Bar code equipment has been available for retail use since 1970.

• Bar codes themselves have advanced as well.

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