Case Law

Allows the officer to pat down a suspect for officer safety

• Tennessee v. Garner

• Terry v. Ohio

• Mapp v. Ohio

• Miranda v. Arizona

An arresting officer may search the arrestee's person to discover and remove weapons and to seize evidence to prevent its concealment or destruction, and may search the area "within the immediate control" of the person arrested, meaning the area from which he might gain possession of a weapon or destructible evidence

• Chimel v California

• Connor v Graham

• Mapp v Ohio

• Carroll v United States

Under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, a police officer may use deadly force to prevent the escape of a fleeing suspect only if the officer has a good-faith belief that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others

• Mapp v Ohio

• Carroll v US

• Terry v Ohio

• Tennessee v Garner

Under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, a police officer may stop a suspect on the street and frisk him or her without probable cause to arrest, if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a reasonable belief that the person "may be armed and presently dangerous

• Abel v. US

• Terry v. Ohio

• Arizona v. Gant

• Miranda v Arizona

Under the Fifth Amendment, any statements that a defendant in custody makes during an interrogation are admissible as evidence at a criminal trial only if law enforcement told the defendant of the right to remain silent and the right to speak with an attorney before the interrogation started, and the rights were either exercised or waived in a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent manner

• Miranda V Arizona

• Graham v. Connor

• Mapp v. Ohio

• Brown v. Board of Education

The seizure is legal if the officer, in stopping and searching the vehicle, has reasonable or probable cause for believing that contraband liquor is being illegally transported in it

• Abel v. US

• Gideon v Wainwright

• Carroll v. US

• Brown v Board of Education

Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal

• Garner v Tennessee

• Brown v. Board of Education

• Mapp v. Ohio

• Arizona v. Gant

In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court established that the Fourteenth Amendment creates a right for criminal defendants who cannot pay for their own lawyers to have the state appoint attorneys on their behalf.

• Graham v. Connor

• Brown v. Board of Education

• Miranda v. Arizona

• Gideon v Wainwright

The prosecution is not allowed to present evidence that law enforcement secured during a search that was unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment

• Mapp v. Ohio

• Terry v. Ohio

• Abel v. US

• Graham v. Connor

A claim of excessive force by law enforcement during an arrest, stop, or other seizure of an individual is subject to the objective reasonableness standard of the Fourth Amendment, rather than a substantive due process standard under the Fourteenth Amendment

• Terry v. Ohio

• Tennessee v. Garner

• Carroll v. US

• Graham v. Connor