Orgo Lab Final

Distillation and Reflux: What is the purpose of carrying out a reflux?

Answer explanation

allows a mixture to be heated at its boiling temperature without losing any of content. Any content that evaporates as a result of boiling will enter the reflux condenser and cool back down to drain into the reaction mixture.

Distillation and Reflux: Reflux- which glassware are needed in its set-up? (picture

Answer explanation

Distillation and Reflux: Reflux- which glassware are needed in its set-up? (items)

Answer explanation

100 mL RBF Condenser 2 clear condenser tubes (water in bottom, out top, minimal flow) Heating mantel Keck clips Magnetic stir bar

LLE: As the two liquids separate, the solute compounds will redistribute into either of the layers based on the solubilities of the respective compounds. The efficiency of this transfer is based on a partition coefficient (K) which is defined as,

Answer explanation

IR: Can you identify peaks corresponding to the different types of functional groups?

Answer explanation

LLE: Solubility

Answer explanation

Solubility is the ability of a compound (or solute) to be dissolved into a solvent. A higher solubility is correlated with a larger mass of a compound to be dissolved by the solvent. Most solutes and solvents alike can be classified as polar or nonpolar. The familiar idiom "like dissolves like" relates to the fact that nonpolar compounds typically have higher solubility in nonpolar solvents and vice-versa. In addition, the solubility of a compound is also tied to its charge, via ionizable groups. Ionization of functional groups results in the formation of a salt, which has high aqueous solubility but low solubility in nonpolar solvents.

LLE: What is the theory behind separating a mixture using liquid-liquid extraction?

Answer explanation

Fundamentally, the process of a liquid-liquid extraction involves combining a solution that contains a mixture of solute compounds (dissolved in an organic solvent) with a second solvent (usually an aqueous solution or water) that is immiscible with the solvent in the first solution, producing two layers. As the two liquids separate, the solute compounds will redistribute into either of the layers based on the solubilities of the respective compounds. The efficiency of this transfer is based on a partition coefficient (K) which is defined as, K = solubility of substance in organic solvent solubility of substance in water In which the larger the partition coefficient, the greater the substance is soluble in the organic solvent.

Distillation and Reflux: What the purpose of carrying out a distillation?

Answer explanation

Distillation is a separation and purification technique that can be used to separate a mixture of two or more liquids based on the difference in their boiling points. Distillation consists of the vaporization of one of the liquids in the mixture followed by condensation of the vapor into a different container, thus exploiting the difference in boiling points to separate the liquid from the remaining mixture.

LLE: How does ionization of a given molecule affect its distribution between the organic and aqueous layer?

Answer explanation

organic compound is soluble in organic layer, while salts are more soluble in aqueous layer

Distillation and Reflux: Distillation- which glassware are needed in its set-up? (picture)

Answer explanation