AP Signal Transduction

Which of these is a pro of an enzymatic cascade?

• It leads to regulation

• It amplifies the response of a single binding molecule

• It decreases the response of a single binding molecule

• Because it is unregulated, it provides a variety of responses

The three stages of cell signalling are

• paracrine, local, and synaptic
• reception, transduction, and response
• transcription, translation, and folding
• alpha, beta, and gamma

cAMP and calcium are examples of 

• secondary messengers
• hormones
• ligands
• enzymes

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

• ligand
• second messenger
• protein kinase
• receptor protein

What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?

• size
• polarity
• ability to cross the membrane
• all of these are correct

What do second messengers do?

• transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
• relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
• relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm
• dampen the message

What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?

• phosphorylation cascade
• cAMP
• signal receptors
• phosphatase

G proteins are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals originating from outside a cell into the inside of the cell. G proteins function as molecular switches.
Which of the following best describes the role in which the G protein is most intimately involved in the process shown above?

• Production of the ligand molecule.
• Reception of the signal.
• Transduction of the signal.
• Production of response to signal.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS2-3

Receptors for signal molecules __________.

• all work via protein kinases

• are never found in the nucleus of a cell

• may be found embedded in the plasma membrane, or found within the cytoplasm or nucleus

• all work by opening ion channels

• are only found associated with the plasma membrane

A cell is known to respond to a particular signaling molecule. Which of the following must be true of this cell?

• It is in the heart muscle
• it is also the site of production for the signaling molecule
• It contains the receptor for the signaling molecule
• It is incapable of signal transduction