Chapter 9 - Learning: Principles and Applications

A child is allowed to watch a movie after cleaning his room. This is an example of ____.

• a secondary reinforcer

• a conditioned response

• shaping

• positive reinforcement

A dog that assists a hearing-impaired person is trained to react to the telephone ringing. If the dog also reacts to a tone from the person's microwave, the dog exhibiting ____.

• shaping

• discrimination

• generalization

• aversion

B.F. Skinner is most closely associated with ____.

• classical conditioning

• operant conditioning

• cognitive learning

• latent learning

In classical conditioning, the best results occur when the conditioned stimulus is presented ____.

• alone

• just before the unconditioned response

• with the unconditioned response

• after the unconditioned response

Romona becomes afraid of dogs after being bitten. After a year, she no longer seems agitated around dogs and plays happily with them. Then one day, Romona begins shaking when a dog approaches unexpectedly. What is she experiencing?

• extinction

• discrimination

• generalization

• spontaneous recovery

One puts on kneepads to keep from injuring one's knees. What kind of reinforcement is this?

• negative

• positive

• fixed ration

• secondary

If Jamie does not pick up his toys when told to do so, he is sent to his room for 15 minutes. This is called ____.

• modeling

• classical conditioning

• punishment

• chaining

If Susan gets a perfect score on four spelling tests in a row, her father gives her $5. What kind of reinforcement schedule is this?

• continuous

• variable ratio

• fixed ratio

• variable ratio

How are escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning similar?

• They are both types of classical conditioning.

• They are both types of negative reinforcement.

• They both rely on punishment.

• They both use secondary reinforcers.

Mimi insists that she simply does not have the ability to understand chemistry. What element of learned helplessness is she exhibiting?

• stability

• latency

• shaping

• externality