5.3 Industrialization Begins, Key Notes

How did the Industrial Revolution spread around the world?

• It spread from Great Britain to Europe and North America, and then to the world

• It spread from Europe to North America, and then to Great Britain and the world

• It spread from North America to Great Britain and Europe, and then to the world

• It spread from Asia to Great Britain, Europe and North America

Answer explanation

It spread from Great Britain to Europe and North America, and then to the world. The passage states that the Industrial Revolution initially began in Great Britain and then spread to Europe and North America, and then to the world.

What was the reason for population growth during the Industrial Revolution?

• The introduction of the potato from South America

• Improved medical care

• Increased productivity in agriculture

• All of the above

Answer explanation

The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century and lasted through the 19th century, brought about significant changes in the way goods were produced and led to an increase in productivity. This increase in productivity led to an increase in population growth as people were able to produce more food, which in turn led to a decrease in the death rate.

What was the main source of clothing for most British families during the early 18th century?

• Store-bought garments

• Wool and flax raised domestically

• Cotton imported from India

• Silk imported from China

Answer explanation

Wool and flax raised domestically. The passage states that "For centuries, wool and flax had been raised domestically, and people spun fabrics they needed." This indicates that wool and flax were the main source of clothing for most British families during the early 18th century, as they were grown and produced domestically.

What led to the development of the cottage industry system in Britain during the commercial revolution?

• The demand for wool and flax increased

• Indian cotton became available in Britain and was in high demand

• The establishment of maritime empires led to a shortage of raw materials

• Investors in Britain sought to compete with Indian cotton imports by building their own cotton cloth industry.

Answer explanation

The correct answer is D. Investors in Britain sought to compete with Indian cotton imports by building their own cotton cloth industry. This is because as Indian cotton became available in Britain, it was in high demand, and wool and flax could not be produced quickly enough or in a large enough quantity to compete with it. In order to compete with Indian cotton imports, investors in Britain began to build their nation's own cotton cloth industry. They used imported raw cotton, produced by slave labor in the Americas, and developed the cottage industry system (also known as the putting-out system) in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes. This allowed for the production of cotton cloth in Britain to increase, thus competing with the imports of Indian cotton.

What was a benefit of working in a cottage industry for women weavers?

• High pay

• Independence and proximity to children

• Fast production

• Access to advanced technologies and machinery.

Answer explanation

The answer is B. Independence and proximity to children. The passage states that home spinning, which was a cottage industry, was hard work and paid low, but it gave women weavers some independence. They were also able to work in their own homes, which meant they were close to their children. Cottage industry production is also described as being slow, so it is not an efficient way of producing cloth, and investors demanded faster production which in turn led to the development of new technologies and machinery that turned out cloth in more efficient ways.

Which invention was more efficient than a single person's labor and doomed the household textile cottage industry?

• The spinning jenny

• The water frame

• Both A and B

• Neither A nor B

Answer explanation

The correct answer is B. The water frame. The passage states that the water frame, patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel and that it was more efficient than a single person's labor. Additionally, it is also stated that this mechanization doomed the household textile cottage industry, as textile production was moved to factories big enough to house these bulky machines. James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny in the 1760s which allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time, but it does not mention anything about its efficiency or relation to the household textile cottage industry.

Which of the following best describes the significance of Eli Whitney's invention of interchangeable parts?

• It allowed for the easy replacement of broken machine components

• It led to the widespread use of interchangeable parts in the manufacturing of firearms

• It was a pivotal contribution to industrial technology

• All of the above

Answer explanation

The correct answer is D) All of the above. A) Eli Whitney's system of interchangeable parts allowed for the easy replacement of broken machine components. This means that if a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part.

B) Whitney's system of interchangeable parts was initially used in the manufacturing of firearms for the U.S. military, and entrepreneurs later adapted this method of making firearms to the manufacture of other products.

C) The system of interchangeable parts was a pivotal contribution to industrial technology, it revolutionized the way goods were manufactured by increasing efficiency and reducing costs.

Which of the following best describes the concept of division of labor introduced by Whitney?

• Factory owners had to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product

• Each worker focused on one type of task, leading to increased efficiency

• Henry Ford developed the moving assembly line to manufacture Model T automobiles

• All of the above

Answer explanation

The answer is B) Each worker focused on one type of task, leading to increased efficiency. This is because the passage states that Whitney's system directly led to the division of labor, which allowed factory owners to no longer rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product. Instead, with specialization of labor, each worker could focus on one type of task, leading to increased efficiency. For example, one worker might cast a part, and then another worker would install the part on the finished product. The passage also notes that Henry Ford expanded the concept of the division of labor in the early 20th century by developing the moving assembly line to manufacture his Model T automobiles, but that doesn't describe the concept but the way it was implemented.

Which of the following geographical feature made Britain well-suited for importing raw materials and exporting finished goods during the industrialization period?

• Mountains

• Deserts

• Rivers

• Access to seaways and location on the Atlantic Ocean.

Answer explanation

The correct answer is D) Access to seaways and location on the Atlantic Ocean. The passage states that Britain had many environmental and geographic advantages that made it a leader in industrialization, and that it was well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods due to its location on the Atlantic Ocean with its many seaways. This implies that the access to seaways and location on the Atlantic Ocean were the key factors that made Britain well-suited for importing and exporting during the industrialization period.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about the role of coal in industrialization?

• Coal was used to generate electricity

• Coal was used to fuel trains

• Coal mining became the major industry only in northern Britain

• all of these