AP World History Review 5.8-5.10

During the nineteenth century, Asian and African rulers usually desired transfer of which of the following western technologies most?

• Medicines

• Weapons

• Navigational instruments

• Textile manufacturing equipment

Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx’s theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin?

• Only Marx stressed the importance of the “class struggle” in history.

• Only Marx thought that a socialist revolution must be achieved through parliamentary reform.

• Only Lenin argued that the workers’ revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries.

• Only Lenin argued that revolution would occur in the most industrialized countries.

PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867

YearChildren (8–12 years)Women (13 years and over)Men (13 years and over)183515.947.337.718387.954.038.118477.954.937.218506.855.337.718567.756.236.118619.055.835.2186710.056.133.8

Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, “Child Labor and the Factory Acts,” The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744.

The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament.

Question

The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the

• low wages of workers in industrial societies

• resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers

• persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices

• decrease in family size associated with greater income

The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain?

• Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing

• The emergence of social reform movements

• The development of better transportation infrastructure

• The increasing demand for consumer goods

Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women’s lives?

• By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn university degrees.

• Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.

• By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries.

• Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial jobs.

Question

The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society?

• Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns.

• Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.

• The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime.

• As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners’ treatment of female workers improved.

Question

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that

• oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy

• the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations

• the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations

• a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe’s global economic dominance

“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.”

Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902

Question

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following?

• Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses

• Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production

• Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers

• Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment

“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.”

Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902

Question

The views expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes?

• The modification of the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill in European universities

• The desire to retain preindustrial forms of economic production by many imperial governments

• The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism

• The expansion of the middle classes in newly industrialized societies

Which of following best explains a likely reason for the title of the image?

• The prevalence of slave labor, which was used within the factories

• The soot pollution, which resulted from the coal industry in the region

• The increase in the use of timber, which was transported along the canals

• The construction of factory buildings, which increased throughout the town