Hunting - Gathering societies are the oldest form of social organization in the world, and it began in __________.

One group of hunter - gatherers that still exist in Africa today are the Efe (Ayfay).  They live in groups of 10-100 and they are all _________________.

In the Efe society, a respected older _______ serves as the group leader, but he is not a chief.

In African societies families are organized in groups called __________________….each member of these groups believes they are descendants of a common ancestor. 

Many African groups do not have a centralized system of power or government, their lineage groups take the place of rulers….these are called __________ ______________.

What is the term for tracing your lineage on your fathers side?

What is the term for tracing your lineage on your mother's side?

After Muhammad died in 632, Muslims swept across the northwest part of the African continent, they converted many peoples to Islam either through __________________ or others peacefully. 

Trade had existed across the Sahara desert for centuries, but it was infrequent and irregular because of the harsh desert conditions.  In the 3rd century nomads began to use _________ instead of oxen, donkeys and horses because a camel could cover 60 miles in a day, and could go without water for up to 10 days.

The trade routes went through the savanna to a region farmed by the Soninke people….these people called their ruler ______ which meant war chief.