Unit 2 Psychology Revision

What is the primary purpose of person perception in social interactions?

• To judge others based solely on their appearance
• To interpret information to understand others' intentions, emotions, and behaviors
• To categorize individuals into fixed personality types
• To predict future behaviors based on past actions

Which of the following best describes the role of the independent variable in research?

• It is the outcome that is influenced by external factors.
• It is a constant factor that does not change throughout the experiment.
• It is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effects.
• It is the variable that is measured to assess the impact of another variable.

How do models and theories differ in psychological research?

• Models are comprehensive explanations, while theories are simplified representations.
• Models are simplified representations, while theories are comprehensive explanations based on evidence.
• Models are always based on empirical data, while theories are not.
• Models and theories are interchangeable terms in psychology.

What are the main components of a hypothesis?

• Only the independent variable and a predicted outcome
• The independent variable, dependent variable, and a predicted relationship
• A theory and its supporting evidence
• The dependent variable and a control variable

What does external validity refer to in research findings?

• The accuracy of the measurements used in the study
• The internal consistency of the variables measured
• The reliability of the data collected during the experiment
• The extent to which research findings can be generalized beyond the study

In the context of attribution theory, what is the difference between internal and external attribution?

• Internal attribution explains behavior based on personal traits, while external attribution explains it based on situational factors.
• Internal attribution focuses on situational factors, while external attribution focuses on personal traits.
• Internal attribution is always negative, while external attribution is positive.
• Internal attribution is used in individualistic cultures, while external attribution is used in collectivist cultures.

What is a key characteristic of groupthink in decision-making processes?

• Emphasis on individual accountability and responsibility
• Encouragement of diverse opinions and critical evaluation
• Prioritization of harmony and consensus over critical evaluation
• Focus on achieving the best possible outcome through debate

What is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?

• Prejudice is a behavior, while discrimination is an attitude.
• Discrimination leads to the formation of prejudice.
• Prejudice is an unjustified negative attitude, while discrimination is the behavior resulting from it.
• Prejudice and discrimination are the same concepts.

What is essential for effective intergroup contact to reduce prejudice?

• Sustained contact and mutual interdependence
• Limited interaction and competition
• Unequal status between groups
• Short-term interactions with minimal engagement

Why is equality of status important in reducing prejudice?

• It ensures neither group holds power over the other, fostering cooperation.
• It eliminates the need for intergroup contact.
• It allows for the reinforcement of negative stereotypes.
• It ensures that one group can dominate the other.