Portugal in the second half of the 19th century

During the first half of the 19th century, Portugal was a poor Kingdom, due to:

• Napoleonic invasions

• Angola

• Brazil’s independence

• the Civil War between Liberals and Absolutists

Match the following

• one reason for the popukation increase

• crop alteration

• new invention in the second half of the 19th century

• Fontes Pereira de Melo

• minister that advised the Monarchy about modernization

• better hygiene

• a mineral mined in Portugal

• coal

• modernization of agriculture

• telephone

Agriculture began to modernize, which allowed for increased production and recovery from Portugal’s delay with other European countries. In what ways did Portugal modernize agriculture?

• new cultivation techniques, old types of seeds but using new fertilizers and new agricultural machines

• new types of seeds, improved fertilizers and old agricultural machines

• new cultivation methods, new types of seeds, new fertilizers and new agricultural machines

• same fertilizers as before but used with new cultivation techniques, new types of seeds, and new agricultural machines

The first public telephone network and the electric telegraph was set in motion during the second half of the 19th century. This allowed for ​an ​ (a)   connection with other countries.​

• immediate
• exclusive
• important
• absolute

Many kilometers of roads were ​ (a)   . The construction of the railway ​ (b)   , tunnels and new ​ (c)   began. The port of Lisbon was ​ (d)   and the artificial ​ (e)   of Leixões in Porto was built. It was also, at this time, that many lighthouses were restored and others were built.

• built
• network
• bridges
• improved
• port
• buildings
• destroyed

With the use of _____ _______, industries started to produce more and with more quality.

There were major differences in the way of life of the population living in the cities. The bourgeois and the noble lived in ​ (a)   houses, ate an ​ (b)   and ​ (c)   diet and had an ​ (d)   social life. They enjoyed a variety of ​ (e)   activities, including visiting the opera and going for walks in the parks.

• luxurious
• abundant
• varied
• intense
• leisure
• interesting
• small
• simple

With the liberal government, changes in society took place making the __________ groups lose some importance while others acquired a higher status.

The ​ (a)   of people and goods has become faster, ​ (b)   and safer. Transportation was modernized and the first ​ (c)   services, that transported mail and passengers emerged. With the need of being at a ​ (d)   time at a specific place, ​ (e)   became increasingly demanded.

• circulation
• cheaper
• stagecoach
• designated
• pocket watches
• Uber
• more expensive

Inventions, such as the telephone and newspaper, contributed to a better sharing of ideas and ________.