Period 3 Review

What was the result of the French and Indian War?

• Great Britain gained land to the west extending to the Mississippi river.

• France sold the Louisiana Territory to Great Britain.

• Great Britain and Spain established an alliance.

• British influence over its North American colonies decreased.

Britain’s victory in the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) had which of the following economic consequences for its American colonies?

• The British government granted certain American colonists a monopoly on the fur trade without French competition.

• The British government forced American merchants to supply the British Royal Navy without payment.

• The British government paid for the construction of canals to encourage trade between the Great Lakes region and the East Coast.

• The British government increased taxation of colonial goods to help pay off the debt created by the war.

The conclusion of the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) had which of the following effects on Native American societies?

Native Americans allied with Great Britain gained the right to become British citizens, angering the colonists.

British and French officials agreed to force Native Americans to move to reservations west of the Mississippi River.

• Native Americans allied with Great Britain gained the right to become British citizens, angering the colonists.

• British and French officials agreed to force Native Americans to move to reservations west of the Mississippi River.

• Native Americans gained control of all of the western fur trade with British colonists.

• British government attempted to restrict western settlement to reduce tensions between colonists and Native Americans.

“Every British Subject born on the continent of America . . . is by the law of God and nature, by the common law, and by act of parliament, . . . entitled to all the natural, essential, inherent and inseparable rights of our fellow subjects in Great-Britain. Among those rights are the following . . . :

“. . . Taxes are not to be laid on the people, but by their consent in person, or by [representatives].

“. . . I can see no reason to doubt, but that the imposition of taxes, whether on trade, or on land, or houses, or ships, . . . in the colonies is absolutely irreconcilable with the rights of the Colonists, as British subjects. . . .

“The power of parliament is uncontrollable, . . . and we must obey. . . . Therefore let the parliament lay what burthens they please on us, we must, it is our duty to submit and patiently bear them till they . . . afford us relief by repealing such acts, as through mistake, or other human infirmities, have been suffered to pass, if they can be convinced that their proceedings are not constitutional.”

In the excerpt, Otis was responding to which of the following developments?

• The publication of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

• The threat of a French invasion of British North America

• The introduction of widespread boycotts against imported British goods

• The British government’s attempts to pay for the costs of the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)

“To understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man.

“A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another. . . .

“The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it which obliges every one . . . that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.”

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1689

The ideas in the excerpt were most likely interpreted by American colonists in the 1770s as a call to reject which of the following?

• The holding of private property

• The establishment of representative democracy

• The acceptance of the divine right of kings

• The creation of political parties

“To understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man.

“A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another. . . .

“The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it which obliges every one . . . that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.”

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1689

Question

Interpretations of Locke’s assertions regarding a “state of freedom” and a “state also of equality” most directly influenced which of the following?

Responses

• The grievances of American colonists during the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)

• The political rhetoric of Patriots during the American Revolution

• The end of American involvement in the international slave trade

• The demands by colonists to settle beyond the current frontier boundaries

Which of the following best explains the depiction of George Washington in the painting?

• The development of a sense of American identity among Patriots

• The desire of colonists to commemorate conquests over Native Americans

• The tensions between northern and southern colonies during the Revolutionary War

• The attempts of colonists to gain support for declaring independence

“The preservation of the states in a certain degree of agency is indispensable. It will produce that collision between the different authorities which should be wished for in order to check each other. To attempt to abolish the states altogether, would degrade the councils of our country, would be impracticable, would be ruinous. [John Dickinson] compared the proposed national system to the solar system, in which the states were the planets, and ought to be left to move freely in their proper orbits. . . . If the state governments were excluded from all agency in the national one, and all power drawn from the people at large, the consequence would be, that the national government would move in the same direction as the state governments now do, and would run into all the same mischiefs [troubles].”

John Dickinson, delegate from Delaware, summary of a speech at the Constitutional Convention from the notes of James Madison, 1787

Question

Dickinson’s desire to preserve “a certain degree of agency” for states is best explained by which of the following developments in the early United States?

• The popularity of George Washington

• The retention of regional cultural identity in conjunction with national unity

• The proposals of Alexander Hamilton to address the financial system

• The challenge of gaining support for infrastructure projects

“The United States [under the Articles of Confederation] has an indefinite discretion to make [requests] for men and money; but they have no authority to raise either, by regulations extending to the individual citizens of America. The consequence of this is, that though in theory their resolutions concerning those objects are laws, constitutionally binding on the members of the Union, yet in practice they are mere recommendations which the States observe or disregard at their option.

“There is nothing absurd or impracticable in the idea of a league or alliance between independent nations for certain defined purposes . . . depending for its execution on the good faith of the parties. . . . In the early part of the present century there was an [enthusiasm] in Europe for [leagues or alliances]. . . . They were scarcely formed before they were broken, giving an instructive but afflicting lesson to mankind, how little dependence is to be placed on treaties which have no other sanction than the obligations of good faith. . . .

“There was a time when we were told that breaches, by the States, of the regulations of the [Confederation’s] authority were not be expected. . . .

“In our case, the [agreement] of thirteen distinct sovereign wills is requisite, under the Confederation, to the complete execution of every important measure that proceeds from the Union. . . . The measures of the Union have not been executed. . . . Each State, yielding to the persuasive voice of immediate interest or convenience, has successively withdrawn its support.”

Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist paper number 15, published in 1787

Which of the following was a piece of evidence Hamilton used to support his argument in the excerpt?

• Earlier attempts to form associations of states in Europe had failed.

• The United States had the authority to mandate funding under the Articles of Confederation.

• Some people believed that the states would agree to follow the congressional directives.

• States sometimes needed to form alliances to achieve shared goals.

“The Declaration of Independence, drawn up by the Continental Congress, was actually a declaration by ‘thirteen united States of America’ proclaiming that as ‘Free and Independent States they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do.’ And the Articles of Confederation, for all the powers it theoretically gave to the Congress, did not in fact alter this independence. . . . Congressional resolutions continued to be mere recommendations which the states were left to enforce. . . . The Confederation was intended to be, and remained, a Confederation of sovereign states.”

Gordon S. Wood, historian, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787, published in 1969

The failure of the Articles of Confederation resulted in which of the following changes in the government of the United States?

• The immediate end to property qualifications for White male suffrage

• The ban on women’s political participation under the ideas of republican motherhood

• The ratification of a constitution that established a stronger central government

• The enactment of the Northwest Ordinance, which outlined the admission process for new states