Clinical Research

An experimental medication is being tested .. To obtain the most accurate results, the test should include an experimental group and a/an:

• control group

• descriptive group.

• epidemic group

• Phase 4 group

Which phase of clinical research is used to determine a drug's interaction with the human system, involves a small number of healthy volunteers, and usually takes around one year to finish?

• Phase 1

• Phase 2

• Phase 3

Which group is often given a placebo or inactive substance when a new medication is tested in biomedical research?

• experimental

• observational

• descriptive

• control

What stage of clinical trials involves extensive testing, using around 1,000–3,000 subjects, with the overall purpose of determining a drug's efficacy and adverse reactions?

• Phase 1

• Phase 2

• Phase 3

Which type of epidemiological study is greatly limited by ethical and legal considerations?

• experimental

• observational

• geographical

• descriptive

Epidemiology studies may be divided up into three general types:

• experimental, descriptive, and observational

• experimental, comparison, and case-controlled

• observational, descriptive, and case-controlled

• it is difficult to generate sufficiently reliable data

Which study, performed earlier this century, established that the fourteenth-century Black Plague was spread from rats to humans via fleas?

• descriptive

• epidemiological

• observational

• experimental

Which type of study is the human equivalent of animal testing and is administered by providing or withholding a substance to determine its toxic or beneficial effects?

• descriptive epidemiology

• experimental epidemiology

• distribution epidemiology

• observational epidemiology

A major disadvantage of epidemiological studies is that:

• they identify patterns in diseases that may be traced to causative factors.

• ethical considerations may limit their usefulness.

• considerable human exposure can take place before a toxic effect is detectable

• it is difficult to generate sufficiently reliable data

Descriptive epidemiological studies identify:

• direct cause and effect.

• correlations.

• selection bias

• incidence numbers and distribution spread