Unit 5 AP Human Geography CollegeBoard Practice

The images show examples of agricultural technology developed during different time periods. Which of the following statements is best supported by the images?

• Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Second Agricultural Revolution, reducing the amount of labor needed and increasing crop yields.

• Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred late in the First Agricultural Revolution, increasing farmers' profits.

• Image 1 shows an innovation that occurred early in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulting in more sustainable livestock production.

• Image 2 shows an innovation that occurred in the Third Agricultural Revolution, resulting in a diffusion of agricultural practices to less developed countries.

• Image 1 shows an innovation that occurred early in the Third Agricultural Revolution, improving the standard of living for small farmer families.

Answer explanation

Tractors with internal combustion engines with aerator and planter attachments, as shown in image 2, were developed in the Second Agricultural Revolution. This type of technology increased yields and allowed farms to operate with fewer laborers.

Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards?

• Both farming practices occur in the same climate region, which is found in places such as Italy and South Africa.

• Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.

• Both farming practices are used for tropical plantation crops grown on large estates with hired labor who plant and harvest crops.

• According to von Thünen, both farming practices occur in the outermost areas of agricultural land.

• According to land-rent theory, both farming practices are found on small farms and must be located close to markets.

Answer explanation

Both are intensive agriculture practices requiring large inputs of labor to prune, maintain, harvest, and process fruit.

Using the data shown, which of the following best explains the spatial variations of rural women’s roles in food production and food preparation?

• In less developed countries, females tend to participate more than males in harvesting and less in preparation tasks.

• In more developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in food-production tasks.

• In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in food-production tasks.

• In more developed countries, females tend to participate more than males in harvesting and less in preparation tasks.

• In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in harvesting and preparation tasks.

Answer explanation

The percent of females in the labor force working in the agricultural sector is 52.7% and the percent of agricultural workers who are female is 42.9% which closely aligns with male counterparts (47.3% and 57.1% respectively).

Sheep production in New Zealand and poultry production in Arkansas produce food animals for human consumption. Which of the following best describes the differences in the agricultural practices and land use for these products?

• Sheep production is an example of intensive agriculture requiring large amounts of fertilizer, whereas poultry production is an example of extensive agriculture practiced mainly in more developed countries.

• Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of extensive agriculture practiced on large areas of land, but requiring different climates.

• Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.

• Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of intensive agriculture practiced on small areas of land but requiring different amounts of labor and capital.

• Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture that is declining because of an insufficient supply of open land, whereas poultry production continues to be practiced on small areas of land.

Answer explanation

Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture, which requires small amounts of labor and capital in relation to the area of land being farmed. Poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture, which requires large amounts of labor and capital in relation to the area of land being farmed.

Which of the following is an explanation for the similar impact of large-scale commercial agriculture in developed countries and plantation agriculture in developing countries?

• Both farming practices stimulate local economies with the influx of profits from export-oriented crops.

• Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities.

• Both farming practices provide an increased standard of living in rural communities from the many jobs created to run these large farms.

• Both farming practices enable local farmers to remain on their land rather than migrating to jobs in urban areas.

• Both farming practices guarantee that long-term sustainable farming methods will be incorporated in their production processes.

Answer explanation

It is difficult for small-scale family farmers to compete with large-scale commercial farms or plantations. Small-scale farmers often lose their land or sell it to large corporations or plantation owners, prompting small-scale farmers to relocate. This displacement impacts rural communities, including workers who supported family farms.

Which of the following explains an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers?

• Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.

• The shift from subsistence farming to value-added agriculture by small farmers in developed countries causes a drop in profits for global agribusiness corporations.

• The imposition of government-imposed tariffs on specialty crops in order to protect domestic farmers causes a worldwide decrease in all farm products.

• Farmers in developing countries who are unable to gain access to global food markets to sell their goods protest, leading to global unrest.

• Agricultural production with a focus on monocropping cash crops creates more vulnerability in a country’s exports if consumer preferences shift to a different commodity.

Answer explanation

Factors such as drought and depletion of groundwater sources that affect food production in different regions of the world affect and create higher costs to consumers globally.

Compare the two maps and examine the data for Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Which of the following statements is supported by the comparison of the two maps?

• There is less food produced in these regions and therefore fewer women working in agriculture.

• Many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families, but not all are paid to do this work.

• Agriculture is considered a prestigious field in these regions, and they have the highest percentage of women working in agriculture.

• There is a strong correlation between countries with a large percentage of women in the paid workforce and women working in agriculture.

• Typically women in these regions work for agribusiness in the formal paid workforce.

Answer explanation

The maps show that a number of countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia have more women working in agriculture than there are in the paid workforce.

 Which of the following is the most often cited environmental benefit of the eat-local movement?

• Less fossil fuel is used in transporting food to market.

• Fewer pesticides are used by farmers.

• Less topsoil is lost to wind and water erosion.

• There is less demand for chemical fertilizers.

• It helps local and regional economies.

The chickens shown in the image are an example of value-added agriculture used by small family-run farms to compete with large agribusiness poultry and egg farms. Which of the following types of value-added products best describes the kind of agriculture shown in the image?

• Local-food movement

• Free-range

• Nongenetically modified

• Fair-trade

• Community-supported

Answer explanation

The chickens shown are not enclosed in cages and are able to forage in grass as free-range poultry.

Isolated farmsteads in the United States evolved as a result of all of the following EXCEPT

• political stability

• colonization by individual pioneer families

• agricultural private enterprise

• government land policy

• physical barriers preventing communal farm practices