Practice Regents Units 1-5

The Enlightenment can be classified as a turning point in that it

• ended nationalist movements in Europe

• began the transition from absolutism to democracy

• created the claim to power of the Catholic

• concluded the Protestant Reformation

Answer explanation

Democracy describes a form of government. The word comes from two Greek words that mean “rule by the people.” In a democracy the people have a say in how the government is run. They do this by voting, though there are usually rules about who can vote.

Which action taken by an 18th century leader supports the ideas expressed in this passage?

• Louis XVI’s requirement that the clergy and nobility pay taxes

• Robespierre’s order that Marie Antoinette be executed

• Napoleon’s forceful seizure of power from the Directory.

• Catherine the Great’s advancement of the education of women.

Answer explanation

Often times women were perceived as the caretakers of the household and mothers of children in the family.  With Enlightenment thinking, women began to develop a new intellect. Women were able to think critically, participate and contribute in society in many ways.

One can infer that a problem of pre-revolutionary French society was

• government based on merit

• the lack of religious freedom

• a stratified social hierarchy

• an attitude of anti-Semitism

Answer explanation

a stratified society is divided into levels or classes based on social status, education, or income. Pre-French Revolutionary society was divided into THREE ESTATES.

French writer Olympe de Gouges was critical of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen because

• absolute monarchy was attacked

• religious tolerance was granted to Protestants

• the old social hierarchy was preserved

• natural rights were not extended to women

Answer explanation

Olympe de Gouge was a French writer and activist who promoted women's rights. She wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen as an act of protest. Sadly, she was killed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror.

The fact that Haitians had to contend with so many enemies in order to gain their freedom suggest that Haiti was

• a very profitable colony

• politically unstable

• anti-democratic

• in need of a strong ruler

Answer explanation

Saint Domingue (Haiti) was the most lucrative colony on earth.  It was the world’s top producer of sugar and coffee and among the global leaders in indigo, cacao and cotton.

The revolution in Haiti can be seen as a turning point in the Western Hemisphere in that it

• led to the strengthening of Spanish authority

• inspired other independence movements

• ended the popularity of Enlightenment ideals

• halted the influence of the United States

Answer explanation

Independence movements throughout Latin America occurred following the Haitian Revolution. By 1830 the vast majority of Latin America would gain independence form their European colonizers.

The concept illustrated by this passage is

• nationalism

• imperialism

• absolutism

• fascism

Answer explanation

Nationalism is a strong attachment to a particular country, or nation. It is also called patriotism. In the modern world, many citizens are very loyal to their country or to their ethnic group. Many historians consider nationalism to be one of the most important forces in shaping modern history.

It can be inferred that nationalist movements in the Austro-Hungarian Empire resulted in

• a unified state

• religious toleration

• ethnic tensions

• free trade

Answer explanation

The many different ethnic groups living in the Austro-Hungarian empire wanted their own independence. Nationalism would drive Gavrilo Princip to kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand which then led to WWI.

The invention of the steam engine can be considered a turning point in that

• large factories were no longer needed

• coal became less important to industry

• cottage industry became more efficient

• machinery replaced manual labor

Answer explanation

Manual labor is physical work done by humans, in contrast to labour by machines and working animals.

The steam engine changed the relationship between labor and management in that labor became

• unskilled and expendable

• more skilled and indispensable

• equal to management

• completely unnecessary

Answer explanation

The development of the steam engine, as well as machinery such as the power loom, ended the domestic system of production. Factory owners could employ unskilled workers, leading to the mass production of cheaper goods and materials.