A prototype is best defined as

• an example of habituation
• an example of bottom-up processing
• the equivalent of feature abstraction
• the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category
• an essential element of category membership

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves

• retrieval
• storage
• rehearsal
• encoding
• transfer

To score high on a test of creativity, a person’s answers should be

• original and valuable
• normative and divergent
• normative and convergent
• unconscious and illogical
• simple and contextual

On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of

• poor problem representation
• cognitive accommodation
• backward masking
• functional fixedness
• proactive interference

Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?

• Mnemonic
• Primacy
• Recency
• Secondary
• Clustering

An individual’s ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds of memory?

• Semantic
• Flashbulb
• Procedural
• Priming
• Episodic

John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John’s symptoms describe

• anterograde amnesia
• Broca’s aphasia
• cue-dependent forgetting
• selective amnesia
• retroactive interference

Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee’s sudden solving of a problem evidence of

• instinct
• modeling
• learning set
• insight
• spontaneous recovery

Which of the following occurs during long-term potentiation?

• Memory improves because neural pathways are strengthened.
• Rehearsal is used to keep information in short-term memory
• Mnemonic devices are used to help retrieve information.
• Memories are formed as a result of transduction.
• Information is more easily remembered as a result of deep processing.

Matthew’s parents are physicists, and so are the parents of several of his best friends. Therefore, Matthew believes that many people are employed as physicists. Matthew’s reasoning is based on

• the availability heuristic
• the conjunction fallacy
• the representativeness heuristic
• risky decision making
• a mental set