BIOL 1406 EXAM 1

The chemical properties of an atom are determined chiefly by the number and arrangement of its most energetic electrons, which are called ____.

• valence electrons

• nucleus electrons

• energetic electrons

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___ the strongest of all the types of bonds. This results when two atoms attain stable electron numbers in their outermost shells by equal or unequal sharing one or more pairs of electrons between them, such as the bonds between C and H in methane.

• hydrogen bonds

• covalent bonds

• ionic bonds

• hydrophobic interactions

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NGSS.HS-PS1-2

__ occur between atoms with a very high difference in electronegativity. This results in a complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another that has a higher electronegativity. For example, in table salt (NaCl), the sodium acquires a positive change (Na+ ) by donating its electron to chlorine, which now acquires a negative charge (Cl- ).

• covalent bonds

• ionic bonds

• hydrogen bonds

• van der waals

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• Science begins with observations, therefore, much of science is purely _____.

• descriptive

• factual

___ : (oxidation and reduction reactions) are chemical processes that transfer electrons (and their energy) from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent. An atom, ion, or molecule loses electrons during oxidation (and their energy). An atom, ion, or molecule gains electrons during reduction (and their energy). Electron transfer or shuttling is extremely common within cells

• hydrolosis

• dehydration (condensation) reaction

• redox reactions

___ or fats are predominately hydrocarbon chains that are used as energy storage and insulation. Lipids are hydrophobic in nature. Modified lipids form phospholipids, steroid hormones, cholesterol and some vitamins. Cell membranes are composed of lipid bilayers, which separate the aqueous inside of the cell (the cytoplasm) from the aqueous outside of the cell (the extra cellular environment).

• monomers

• lipids

• carbs

• nucleic acids

___ Include monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharide or polysaccharides. A monosaccharide is composed of carbons flanked by H atoms or -OH groups, is hydrophilic and can exist in a linear or cyclic structure. Monosaccharides are linked together by glycosidic bonds to form polysaccharides including starch, chitin and cellulose. Carbohydrates are used as an energy source, as a source for carbon, and can be attached to other macromolecules, including lipids and proteins, to serve as recognition markers for the cell. Proteins covalently attached to carbohydrates (glycans) are called glycoproteins: We have different blood groups due to the variation in the glycans that are attached to cell surface protein on mature red blood cells

• lipids

• carbs

• monomers

• nucleic acids

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NGSS.HS-LS1-6

___ [Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)/Ribonucleic acids (RNA)] are biological macromolecules specialized for the storage, transfer and use of genetic information. There are 5 nitrogenous bases: Adenosine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil. The A and G are purine bases whereas the T, C and U are pyrimidine bases. To synthesize nucleic acids, cells need nucleosides triphosphate: ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP for RNA, while DNA precursors are dTTP, dATP, dGTP, dCTP

• nucleic acids

• monomers

• lipids

• carbs

__ are linear chains of amino acids of which there are 20 distinct types. The order of the amino acids in the chain dictates the shape and the function of the protein in the cell. There are 4 levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The polypeptide chain of a protein is always WRITTEN in an Amino —> Carboxyl direction and – as we shall see later it is also biosynthesized in an Amino—> Carboxyl direction.

• amino acids

• nucleic acids

• monomers

• proteins

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__  (1) cells are the basic living units of organization and function in all organisms and (2) all cells come from other cells. It explains that the ancestry of all the cells alive today can be traced back to ancient times. Evidence that all living cells have evolved from a common ancestor is supported by the basic similarities in their structures and in their molecular composition

• the cell theory

• cell size

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