the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

• learning

• behaviorism

• associative learning

• classical conditioning

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

• learning

• behaviorism

• associative learning

• cognitive learning

 Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning).

• latent learning

• cognitive learning

• associative learning

• observational learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

• associative learning

• latent learning

• cognitive map

• cognitive learning

Learning by observing others.

• associative learning

• cognitive learning

• observational learning

• latent learning

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

• preparedness

• cognitive map

• cognitive learning

• modeling

 A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value.

• modeling

• mirror neurons

• preparedness

• conditioned taste aversion

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

• observational learning

• modeling

• model

• latent learning

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.

• mirror neurons

• afferent neurons

• efferent neurons

• interneurons

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

• latent learning

• observational learning

• associative learning

• cognitive learning