Match each statement with whether it is describing both PSII and PSI

Its donated electron is replaced by an e- from the e-transport chain

What would happen if protons (H+) could flow freely across the thylakoid membrane? Match each step with whether it would Stop.

Build up of protons (H+) inside of the thylakoid, creation of a proton (H+) gradient across the thylakoid membrane

The e-transport chain donating an electron to PSI to replace the one it donated

PSI donating high energy electrons to NADP+ reductase which produces NADPH

Plant biomass (i.e., the physical structure of a plant/stems, leaves, flowers, and roots) is created using which of the following as the main building block?

Primary nutrients like N, P, and K found in the soil

Photosynthesis and chlorophyll. Select the true statements. Select all that apply. Hint there are 3 true statements.

Chloroplasts have both an inner and outer membrane (a double membrane) and their own circular DNA that is separate from the nucleus.

Chlorophyll a and b are the main pigments responsible for photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is thought to have first evolved more than 3 billion years ago when CO2 was more abundant in the atmosphere than oxygen. m

Chlorophyll absorbs green light which is why leaves appear green to the human eye.

Photosynthesis is divided into two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (i.e., the light-independent reactions). Which of the following is true regarding these two steps? Select all that apply. Hint there are 2 true statements.

The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid, and the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma (the liquid part inside of the chloroplast).

During the Calvin cycle, the C in carbon dioxide is fixed and used to produce G3P, which is then used to produce sugars like glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. Glucose is the main subunit of cellulose. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants.

The Calvin cycle splits water molecules into oxygen (O2) and protons (H+).

The light-dependent reactions use ATP produced by the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle absorbs light energy from the sun.

Calvin cycle does what

The Calvin cycle transforms CO2 (low energy/fully oxidized carbon) into glucose C6 H12 O6 (high energy/partially reduced carbon) using a series of redox reactions

The Calvin cycle transforms H2O (high energy/low oxidized carbon) into glucose C6 H12 O6 (high energy/partially reduced carbon) using a series of redox reactions

3 STAGES OF CALVIN CYCLE fixaton

Starts with 3 molecules of CO2 and three 5C molecules (Ribulose biosphosphate or RuBP)

The enzyme Rubisco catalyzes the addition of 3 carbons to 3 RuBP(5C molecule) to form six 3C molecules (3‐PGA) 3‐phosphoglyceric acid

ATP and NADPH produced by the light dependent reactions are used to convert the 3‐PGA molecules into molecules of a 3C sugar, glyceraldehyde‐ 3‐phosphate (G3P)

1 G3P will be used to make glucose and the other 5 molecules of G3P are used to reform ribulose bisphosphate

The light-dependent reactions involve 2 separate photosystems (PSII and PSI). Which statement is false?

Both PSII and PSI split water into oxygen (O2) and protons (H+).

Both PSII and PSI are embedded in the thylakoid membrane.

Both PSII and PSI donate high energy electrons.

Both PSII and PSI contain chlorophyll and both absorb photons of light.

PSII. Select the true statement below.

The electron donated by PSII is replaced by an electron that is released when H2O is split

The electron donated by PSII is replaced by ATP

The electron donated by PSII is replaced by an electron from the electron transport chain

The electron donated by PSII is replaced by NADPH

e-transport chain. Which statement is false?

The e-transport chain absorbs light energy from the sun.

The e-transport chain pumps protons into the lumen of the thylakoid

The e-transport chain donates a low energy e- to PSI

The e-transport chain accepts a high energy e- from PSII

A proton gradient results from the unequal distribution of protons (H+) on opposites sides of the thylakoid membrane. The proton gradient is created by which of the following?

the e-transport chain, which moves protons from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen.

the splitting of water, which releases 2 protons (H+)

Match the stages of the Calvin cycle with the description of what occurs. C-fixation

Rubisco catalyzes the reaction that combines CO2 with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to create 3-PGA.

G3P is used to make glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis and RuBP is regenerated.

3-PGA is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

Match the stages of the Calvin cycle with the description of what occurs. Reduction stage

3-PGA is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

G3P is used to make glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis and RuBP is regenerated.

Rubisco catalyzes the reaction that combines CO2 with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to create 3-PGA.

Match the stages of the Calvin cycle with the description of what occurs. Regeneration stage

G3P is used to make glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis and RuBP is regenerated.

3-PGA is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

Rubisco catalyzes the reaction that combines CO2 with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to create 3-PGA.

Match each word with its definition. Cohesion

the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind

the evaporation of water vapor from leaves through stomata

the pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. This pressure is what makes living plant tissue rigid. Loss of this pressure, resulting from the loss of water from plant cells, causes flowers and leaves to wilt.

Match each word with its definition. Adhesion

the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind

the evaporation of water vapor from leaves through stomata

the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

the pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. This pressure is what makes living plant tissue rigid. Loss of this pressure, resulting from the loss of water from plant cells, causes flowers and leaves to wilt.

Match each word with its definition. Transpiration

the evaporation of water vapor from leaves through stomata

the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind

the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

the pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. This pressure is what makes living plant tissue rigid. Loss of this pressure, resulting from the loss of water from plant cells, causes flowers and leaves to wilt.

Match each word with its definition. Turgor pressure

the pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. This pressure is what makes living plant tissue rigid. Loss of this pressure, resulting from the loss of water from plant cells, causes flowers and leaves to wilt.

the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind

the evaporation of water vapor from leaves through stomata

the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

Which of the following statements regarding photorespiration is true? Select all that apply.

During photorespiration Rubisco fixes O2

Photorespiration is likely to occur when oxygen levels in chloroplast are higher than normal, this happens when stomata are closed to conserve water when it is hot and dry.

Photorespiration is more efficient at synthesizing glucose than photosynthesis.

During photorespiration Rubisco fixes CO2

During photorespiration, plants use oxygen to break down carbohydrates and release oxygen.

Water movement in plants. Select the true statements.

Transpiration, adhesion and cohesion all affect how water moves in a plant.

Air has a very strongly negative water potential (-13MPa to -100MPa) vs. roots which have a very weakly negative water potential (-0.4MPa); water moves towards areas that are more negative.

Moving water from the roots of a tree up to the leaves at the top of the tree requires a lot of ATP.

Hydrogen bonds. Select the true statement.

Hydrogen bonds form between O and H atoms each part of 2 separate water molecules

Hydrogen bonds form between 2 H atoms each part of 2 separate water molecules

Hydrogen bonds form between O and H atoms in a single water molecule; each H2O molecule has 2 H bonds because it has 2 H atoms

Hydrogen bonds form between 2 H atoms in a single water molecule

What happens inside of leaves/mesophyll cells/chloroplasts when it is hot and dry out and plants close their stomata? When something like CO2 or O2 is enclosed with [] brackets it is short hand for saying the concentration of CO2 or O2.

[O2] increases, [CO2] decreases

[CO2] increases, [O2] decreases

C4 plants are able to drastically reduce photorespiration compared to C3 plants. Which of the following explains why C4 plants are able to do this? Select 2 options.

C4 plants use PEP carboxylase (an enzyme that has a high affinity for CO2 and a low affinity for O2) to initially fix atmospheric CO2.

The Calvin cycle in C4 plants occurs in the bundle sheath cells, where it is physically separated from the light dependent reactions and the initial fixation of atmospheric CO2, which both occur in the mesophyll cells

C4 plants have stomata that are open only at night.

C4 plants do not undergo the Calvin cycle.

Why are regular plants called C3 plants and C4 plants called C4 plants?

In regular C3 plants the product produced when atmospheric CO2 is fixed is a 3C molecule (3PGA). In C4 plants the product produced when atmospheric CO2 is fixed is a 4C molecule (oxaloacetate then malate).

C3 plants only fix 3 CO2 molecules to create G3P and C4 plants need 4 molecules of CO2

C3 plants have less chlorophyll than C4 plants

C3 plants are smaller than C4 plants

CAM plants. Which of the following statements is true? Select 2 options.

In CAM plants, the initial fixation of atmospheric CO2 (which occurs in the cytosol) and the Calvin cycle (which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts) both occur in the mesophyll cells.

CAM plants fix atmospheric CO2 at night.

CAM plants open their stomata during the day; this is necessary for the light dependent reactions to occur.

CAM plants experience higher rates of transpiration, which allows them to stay hydrated under hot/dry conditions.

3 STAGES OF CALVIN CYCLE reduction

ATP and NADPH produced by the light dependent reactions are used to convert the 3‐PGA molecules into molecules of a 3C sugar, glyceraldehyde‐ 3‐phosphate (G3P)

Starts with 3 molecules of CO2 and three 5C molecules (Ribulose biosphosphate or RuBP)

The enzyme Rubisco catalyzes the addition of 3 carbons to 3 RuBP(5C molecule) to form six 3C molecules (3‐PGA) 3‐phosphoglyceric acid

1 G3P will be used to make glucose and the other 5 molecules of G3P are used to reform ribulose bisphosphate

3 STAGES OF CALVIN CYCLE regeneration

1 G3P will be used to make glucose and the other 5 molecules of G3P are used to reform ribulose bisphosphate

Starts with 3 molecules of CO2 and three 5C molecules (Ribulose biosphosphate or RuBP)

ATP and NADPH produced by the light dependent reactions are used to convert the 3‐PGA molecules into molecules of a 3C sugar, glyceraldehyde‐ 3‐phosphate (G3P)

The enzyme Rubisco catalyzes the addition of 3 carbons to 3 RuBP(5C molecule) to form six 3C molecules (3‐PGA) 3‐phosphoglyceric acid

3 turns of the Calvin cycle are?

1. 3 CO2 combine with 3 RuBP molecules, making 6 molecules of glyceraldehyde‐3‐ phosphate (G3P)

2. 9 ATP are converted to 9 ADP (6 during the reduction step, 3 during the regeneration step).

3. 6 NADPH are converted to 6 NADP+ (during the reduction step).

1. 9 ATP are converted to 9 ADP (6 during the reduction step, 3 during the regeneration step).

Light dependent reactions

H2O and light produce chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) and O2 which is a byproduct

occur in the stroma of the chloroplast

CO2 and ATP and NADPH produce G3P which is then used to create glucose/sugar

The two biological problems w photosynthesis are

In order to acquire CO2 for photosynthesis, plants lose a lot ofwater (both come and go through the stomata)

Rubisco ‐ the enzyme that fixes CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle also fixes O2 which results in photorespiration which is bad it wastes C and energy

In order to acquire CO2 for photosynthesis, plants gain a lot of water (both come and go through the stomata)

Rubisco ‐ the enzyme that fixes CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle also fixes O2 which results in photorespiration which is bad it gains C and energy

Plants have 2 evolved ways to increase [CO2] and decrease [O2]around Rubisco to reduce photorespiration which are

Change the location where the Calvin cycle occurs (C4 plants)

Change the timing of when C-fixation occurs (CAM plants)

Both of these strategies require more energy, but the trade-off of expending this energy (cost) is worth the benefits of reducing H2O loss AND preventing photorespiration when hot/dry conditions are the norm

Change the location where the Calvin cycle occurs (C3 plants)

Change the timing of when C-fixation occurs (C4 plants)

In regular (C3) plants

atmospheric CO2 is fixed by Rubisco in the stroma. This is the first step of the Calvin cycle it produces 3PGA (a 3C molecule)

atmospheric CO2 is initially fixed in the cytosol of the mesophyll cells by PEP carboxylase (an enzyme with high affinity for CO2/no affinity for O2)

change the location where the Calvin cycle occurs from the chloroplasts inside mesophyll cells to the bundle sheath cells and they use a different enzyme (not Rubisco) called PEP carboxylase to initially fix atmospheric CO2

In regular (C3) plants

atmospheric CO2 is fixed by Rubisco in the stroma. This is the first step of the Calvin cycle it produces 3PGA (a 3C molecule)

atmospheric CO2 is initially fixed in the cytosol of the mesophyll cells by PEP carboxylase (an enzyme with high affinity for CO2/no affinity for O2)

change the location where the Calvin cycle occurs from the chloroplasts inside mesophyll cells to the bundle sheath cells and they use a different enzyme (not Rubisco) called PEP carboxylase to initially fix atmospheric CO2

In regular (C4) plants

atmospheric CO2 is initially fixed in the cytosol of the mesophyll cells by PEP carboxylase (an enzyme with high affinity for CO2/no affinity for O2)

change the location where the Calvin cycle occurs from the chloroplasts inside mesophyll cells to the bundle sheath cells and they use a different enzyme (not Rubisco) called PEP carboxylase to initially fix atmospheric CO2

n the bundle sheath cells malate is then broken down to CO2 and pyruvate, the CO2 is then fixed by Rubisco, and the Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells just as it would in C3 plants just in a different location, the pyruvate is then shuttled back to the mesophyll cells which requires extra energy (ATP

atmospheric CO2 is fixed by Rubisco in the stroma. This is the first step of the Calvin cycle it produces 3PGA (a 3C molecule)

In regular (CAM) plants

CAM plants change the timing of when CO2 is initially fixed (they open their stomata at night and close them during the day) and they use a different enzyme (not Rubisco) called PEP carboxylase

CAM pathway requires additional ATP but it limits photorespiration and is very water efficient (stomata closed during the day = no transpiration

Adapted for areas with high temperatures, limited water (deserts)

n the bundle sheath cells malate is then broken down to CO2 and pyruvate, the CO2 is then fixed by Rubisco, and the Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells just as it would in C3 plants just in a different location, the pyruvate is then shuttled back to the mesophyll cells which requires extra energy (ATP

Light idependent reactions

occur in the stroma of the chloroplast

CO2 and ATP and NADPH produce G3P which is then used to create glucose/sugar

H2O and light produce chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) and O2 which is a byproduct

week 5

Authored by Mark Mayfield

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44 questions

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MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Where do plants get their biomass?

Soil

Sun

Water

Air

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

The process of photosynthesis occurs where?

thallykoid membrane

stomata

mesophyll layer

chloroplast

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs where?

mesophyll layer

stomata

thallykoid membrane

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Chloroplasts are derived from cyanobacteria

True

False

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

What type of light is best for plant growth? Hint think about why leaves appear green to the human eye.

Green light

Blue light

Orange/Red light

Answer explanation

Chlorophyll absorbs wavelengths from either end of the visible spectrum (blue and orange/red), but not green. Because green isn’t absorbed it is reflected or transmitted, our eyes see the green light is reflected which is why plants lookgreen

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

If a plant is exposed to just orange/red light, what would happen?

The rate of photosynthesis would increase (orange/red wavelengths have the highest energy).

The rate of photosynthesis would remain unchanged (plants can use any wavelength of light to photosynthesize).

The rate of photosynthesis would decrease by more than half.

The rate of photosynthesis would decrease by half.

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Match each statement with whether it is describing PSII

Embedded in the thylakoid membrane

Its donated electron is replaced with an e- from H2O

Contain chlorophyll

Donates an excited e- to the e-transport chain

Donates an excited e- to NADP+ reductase

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week 5

Where do plants get their biomass?

The process of photosynthesis occurs where?

gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs where?

Chloroplasts are derived from cyanobacteria

What type of light is best for plant growth? Hint think about why leaves appear green to the human eye.

Chlorophyll absorbs wavelengths from either end of the visible spectrum (blue and orange/red), but not green. Because green isn’t absorbed it is reflected or transmitted, our eyes see the green light is reflected which is why plants lookgreen

If a plant is exposed to just orange/red light, what would happen?

Match each statement with whether it is describing PSII

Match each statement with whether it is describing PSI

Match each statement with whether it is describing both PSII and PSI

What would happen if protons (H+) could flow freely across the thylakoid membrane?Match each step with whether it would Stop.

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What would happen if protons (H+) could flow freely across the thylakoid membrane?
Match each step with whether it would Stop.