Review 6.6-6.8

“I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled ‘Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?’ In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation.

Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities.

By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man’s strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization.”

Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894

The disputes over women’s social status alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late nineteenth-century changes in Middle Eastern societies?

• The abolition of the veil following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire

• The expansion of mass public education for both boys and girls

• The growing popular support for parliamentary forms of governance

• The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights

Which of the following best describes the artist’s likely purpose in painting this particular subject?

• To advocate for violent rebellion against British colonial authorities

• To demonstrate the racial oppression suffered by free people of color in the West Indies

• To argue for the respectability of free people of color

• To call for greater emigration by Europeans to the West Indies

• The Enlightenment

• Nationalism

• Social Darwinism

• The Haitian Revolution

The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1800 to 1900 C.E. best illustrate the impact of

• the Atlantic revolutions

• the Industrial Revolution

• he abolition of slavery

• improvements in urban policing and public safety

Which of the following best explains the changes in the population of the Hawaiian Islands from 1872 to 1878 ?

• The increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations

• The growth of tourism as a result of technological advances in transportation

• he urbanization of Hawaii as a result of industrialization

• The development of racial exclusion policies in European settler colonies

“When I was ten years old, I worked on my father’s farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father’s farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards.

The man’s wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains.

When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country.”

Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s

On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

• Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children

• Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men

• A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor

• An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages

“When I was ten years old, I worked on my father’s farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father’s farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards.

The man’s wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains.

When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country.”

Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s

Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments?

• The restructuring of traditional social hierarchies

• The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation

• The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies

• The emergence of transnational businesses

“When I was ten years old, I worked on my father’s farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father’s farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards.

The man’s wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains.

When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country.”

Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s

Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes?

• The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men

• Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies

• Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure

• Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century?

• Most migrants rejected their culture in favor of total assimilation.

• Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.

• Most migrants traveled seasonally as agricultural laborers.

• Migrants were primarily women seeking employment as factory workers.

Which of the following occurred in nineteenth-century Africa as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade?

• An increased use of slave labor within Africa

• The collapse of traditional religions

• The spread of factory industry

• A decrease in diamond production