AP Biology Genetics Review

Suppose that in sheep, a dominant allele (B) produce black hair and a recessive allele (b) produce white hair. If you saw a black sheep, you would be able to identify

• its phenotype for hair color

• its genotype for hair color

• the genotype of only one of its parents

• the phenotype of both of its parents

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One of the main reasons genes assort independent of one another  is that 

• they produce unrelated traits
• they produce related traits
• they are on the same chromosome
• they are on different chromosomes.

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In humans, hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. If a man and a woman have a son who is affected with hemophilia, which of the following is definitely true?

• The mother carries an allele for hemophilia
• The father carries an allele for hemophilia
• The father is afflicted with hemophilia
• both parents carry an allele for hemophilia

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In peas, the trait for tall plants is dominant (T) and the trait for short plants is recessive (t).  The trait for yellow seeds is dominant (Y) and the trait for green seeds is recessive (y).
A cross between two plants results in 292 tall, yellow plants and 103 short, green plants.  What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?

• TtYY x Ttyy
• TTYy x TTYy
• TTyy x TTYy
• TtYy x TtYy

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A researcher crossed a male Drosophila melanogaster having a grey body and long wings with a female D. melanogaster having a black body and apterous wings. The following distribution of traits was observed in the offspring.

What conclusion is supported by the data?

• The alleles for gray body and long wings are dominant.

• The alleles for gray body and long wings are recessive.

• Genes for the two traits are located on two different chromosomes, and independent assortment occurred.

• Genes for the two traits are located close together on the same chromosome, and crossing over occurred between the two gene loci.

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Butterflies of the genus Colias live in the Rocky Mountains, where they experience a wide range of temperatures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at different temperatures. Within the same population, some individual butterflies fly most effectively at 29°C , while others fly most effectively at 40°C. Still others can be equally active at both temperatures.

Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?

• Butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature

• Butterflies that are active over a wide range of temperatures produce greater amounts of the enzyme.

• Temperature has little effect on the activity of butterflies.

• Butterflies that are active at warmer temperatures produce more offspring

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Gregor Mendel’s pioneering genetic experiments with pea plants occurred before the discovery of the structure and function of chromosomes. Which of the following observations about inheritance in pea plants could be explained only after the discovery that genes may be linked on a chromosome?

• Pea color and pea shape display independent inheritance patterns.

• Offspring of a given cross show all possible combinations of traits in equal proportions.

• Most offspring of a given cross have a combination of traits that is identical to that of either one parent or the other.

• Recessive phenotypes can skip a generation, showing up only in the parental and F2 generations.

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If 2n = 48 for a particular cell, then the chromosome number in each cell after meiosis would be

• 96

• 48

• 24

• 12

A male fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) with red eyes and long wings was mated with a female with purple eyes and vestigial wings. All of the offspring in the F1 generation had red eyes and long wings. These F1 flies were test crossed with purple-eyed, vestigial-winged flies. Their offspring, the F2 generation, appeared as indicated below.

If in the F1 and F2 generations the same characteristics appeared in both males and females, it would be safe to assume that these traits for eye color and wing length are...

• are sex-linked

• are sex-influenced characteristics

• are autosomal characteristics

• follow the Mendelian rule of independent assortment

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A male fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) with red eyes and long wings was mated with a female with purple eyes and vestigial wings. All of the offspring in the F1 generation had red eyes and long wings. These F1 flies were test crossed with purple-eyed, vestigial-winged flies. Their offspring, the F2 generation, appeared as indicated below.

Based on the F1 generation, what was the phenotype of the male fruit fly?

• RRLL

• RrLl

• rrll

• RRll

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