Topik 4 Literacy English

(paragraph 1) Several theories have been proposed about why the dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth. In recent years, one popular theory proposes that climatic changes caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. This climatic change theory says that millions of years ago the climate of the world gradually became colder. As the earth slowly become colder fewer plants were able to grow. The cold weather finally resulted in a severe shortage of food for dinosaurs. As you probably know, most of dinosaurs were vegetarians, and they depended on plants for their food supply. In summary, then, the disappearance of the dinosaurs was cased directly by a shortage of plants to eat, and indirectly by a change in climate.

(paragraph 2)     Today there is new evidence for the theory, that the dinosaurs did not disappear gradually, but , they disappeared quickly and suddenly. This theory is known as asteroid theory. It states that a huge asteroid, or perhaps a comet, hit the earth about  65 million years ago. When this comet or asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge dust cloud. The huge dust cloud covered the whole earth and blocked out the sun for months. Since there is no sun for many, many months, most of the plants on earth died. The dinosaurs’ food supply was destroyed in a period of months. .

(paragraph 3)     While this asteroid theory is not new, what is new is the evidence for the theory. Until recently there was no evidence that an asteroid or a comet had hit the earth 65 million years ago. What happened recently was that scientists found large amount of a rare earth element called iridium all over the world.

(paragraph 4)    This iridium was found in layers of the earth that are 65 years old. The iridium was found in the same layers where the bones of the last dinosaurs were found.

(paragraph 5)    The comet or asteroid theory explains two things: (1) It explains the larger amounts of the rare element iridium found in the 65-million-year-old layers of earth, and (2) it explains why the dinosaurs disappeared from the earth. Today scientists continue to debate two theories: the climatic change theory and the asteroid theory. In the future evidence may be found that supports a totally new theory of why the terrible lizards died out.

(Quetion) The main information of the passage is about .......

• the climatic change theory

• the era of dinosaurs 6S million years ago

• the asteroid theory

• different theories on the extinction of dinosaurs

• the iridium element theory

(paragraph 1) Several theories have been proposed about why the dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth. In recent years, one popular theory proposes that climatic changes caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. This climatic change theory says that millions of years ago the climate of the world gradually became colder. As the earth slowly become colder fewer plants were able to grow. The cold weather finally resulted in a severe shortage of food for dinosaurs. As you probably know, most of dinosaurs were vegetarians, and they depended on plants for their food supply. In summary, then, the disappearance of the dinosaurs was cased directly by a shortage of plants to eat, and indirectly by a change in climate.

(paragraph 2)     Today there is new evidence for the theory, that the dinosaurs did not disappear gradually, but , they disappeared quickly and suddenly. This theory is known as asteroid theory. It states that a huge asteroid, or perhaps a comet, hit the earth about  65 million years ago. When this comet or asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge dust cloud. The huge dust cloud covered the whole earth and blocked out the sun for months. Since there is no sun for many, many months, most of the plants on earth died. The dinosaurs’ food supply was destroyed in a period of months. .

(paragraph 3)     While this asteroid theory is not new, what is new is the evidence for the theory. Until recently there was no evidence that an asteroid or a comet had hit the earth 65 million years ago. What happened recently was that scientists found large amount of a rare earth element called iridium all over the world.

(paragraph 4)    This iridium was found in layers of the earth that are 65 years old. The iridium was found in the same layers where the bones of the last dinosaurs were found.

(paragraph 5)    The comet or asteroid theory explains two things: (1) It explains the larger amounts of the rare element iridium found in the 65-million-year-old layers of earth, and (2) it explains why the dinosaurs disappeared from the earth. Today scientists continue to debate two theories: the climatic change theory and the asteroid theory. In the future evidence may be found that supports a totally new theory of why the terrible lizards died out.

(Quetion) Which of the following statements is TRUE about the climatic theory?

• Scientists believe that the climatic  change happened 65 million years ago.

• The change in climate critically reduced the food supply for dinosaurs

• At the time the dinosaurs, all animals were vegetarians

• The disappearance of dinosaurs affected the climatic change

• The cold weather made animals living at that time unable to survive

(paragraph 1) Several theories have been proposed about why the dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth. In recent years, one popular theory proposes that climatic changes caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. This climatic change theory says that millions of years ago the climate of the world gradually became colder. As the earth slowly become colder fewer plants were able to grow. The cold weather finally resulted in a severe shortage of food for dinosaurs. As you probably know, most of dinosaurs were vegetarians, and they depended on plants for their food supply. In summary, then, the disappearance of the dinosaurs was cased directly by a shortage of plants to eat, and indirectly by a change in climate.

(paragraph 2)     Today there is new evidence for the theory, that the dinosaurs did not disappear gradually, but , they disappeared quickly and suddenly. This theory is known as asteroid theory. It states that a huge asteroid, or perhaps a comet, hit the earth about  65 million years ago. When this comet or asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge dust cloud. The huge dust cloud covered the whole earth and blocked out the sun for months. Since there is no sun for many, many months, most of the plants on earth died. The dinosaurs’ food supply was destroyed in a period of months. .

(paragraph 3)     While this asteroid theory is not new, what is new is the evidence for the theory. Until recently there was no evidence that an asteroid or a comet had hit the earth 65 million years ago. What happened recently was that scientists found large amount of a rare earth element called iridium all over the world.

(paragraph 4)    This iridium was found in layers of the earth that are 65 years old. The iridium was found in the same layers where the bones of the last dinosaurs were found.

(paragraph 5)    The comet or asteroid theory explains two things: (1) It explains the larger amounts of the rare element iridium found in the 65-million-year-old layers of earth, and (2) it explains why the dinosaurs disappeared from the earth. Today scientists continue to debate two theories: the climatic change theory and the asteroid theory. In the future evidence may be found that supports a totally new theory of why the terrible lizards died out.

(Quetion) Which of the following statements is TRUE about   iridium element?

• It is believed that it originated in space

• It is an element found’ in the bones of dinosaurs

• It came after the comet hit the earth

• It existed only 65 million years ago

• It is an element commonly found in earth

(paragraph 1) Several theories have been proposed about why the dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth. In recent years, one popular theory proposes that climatic changes caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. This climatic change theory says that millions of years ago the climate of the world gradually became colder. As the earth slowly become colder fewer plants were able to grow. The cold weather finally resulted in a severe shortage of food for dinosaurs. As you probably know, most of dinosaurs were vegetarians, and they depended on plants for their food supply. In summary, then, the disappearance of the dinosaurs was cased directly by a shortage of plants to eat, and indirectly by a change in climate.

(paragraph 2)     Today there is new evidence for the theory, that the dinosaurs did not disappear gradually, but , they disappeared quickly and suddenly. This theory is known as asteroid theory. It states that a huge asteroid, or perhaps a comet, hit the earth about  65 million years ago. When this comet or asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge dust cloud. The huge dust cloud covered the whole earth and blocked out the sun for months. Since there is no sun for many, many months, most of the plants on earth died. The dinosaurs’ food supply was destroyed in a period of months. .

(paragraph 3)     While this asteroid theory is not new, what is new is the evidence for the theory. Until recently there was no evidence that an asteroid or a comet had hit the earth 65 million years ago. What happened recently was that scientists found large amount of a rare earth element called iridium all over the world.

(paragraph 4)    This iridium was found in layers of the earth that are 65 years old. The iridium was found in the same layers where the bones of the last dinosaurs were found.

(paragraph 5)    The comet or asteroid theory explains two things: (1) It explains the larger amounts of the rare element iridium found in the 65-million-year-old layers of earth, and (2) it explains why the dinosaurs disappeared from the earth. Today scientists continue to debate two theories: the climatic change theory and the asteroid theory. In the future evidence may be found that supports a totally new theory of why the terrible lizards died out.

(Quetion) The asteroid theory states that ......

• the dust cloud originating from the fallen comet killed all organisms on earth

• the effect of an asteroid hitting the earth developed gradually

• the spread of the dust cloud on earth  darkened the earth for years

• the dinosaurs were killed by asteroid hitting the earth 65 years ago

• most vegetation died because of the dust cloud covering the whole earth.

(paragraph 1) Several theories have been proposed about why the dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth. In recent years, one popular theory proposes that climatic changes caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. This climatic change theory says that millions of years ago the climate of the world gradually became colder. As the earth slowly become colder fewer plants were able to grow. The cold weather finally resulted in a severe shortage of food for dinosaurs. As you probably know, most of dinosaurs were vegetarians, and they depended on plants for their food supply. In summary, then, the disappearance of the dinosaurs was cased directly by a shortage of plants to eat, and indirectly by a change in climate.

(paragraph 2)     Today there is new evidence for the theory, that the dinosaurs did not disappear gradually, but , they disappeared quickly and suddenly. This theory is known as asteroid theory. It states that a huge asteroid, or perhaps a comet, hit the earth about  65 million years ago. When this comet or asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge dust cloud. The huge dust cloud covered the whole earth and blocked out the sun for months. Since there is no sun for many, many months, most of the plants on earth died. The dinosaurs’ food supply was destroyed in a period of months. .

(paragraph 3)     While this asteroid theory is not new, what is new is the evidence for the theory. Until recently there was no evidence that an asteroid or a comet had hit the earth 65 million years ago. What happened recently was that scientists found large amount of a rare earth element called iridium all over the world.

(paragraph 4)    This iridium was found in layers of the earth that are 65 years old. The iridium was found in the same layers where the bones of the last dinosaurs were found.

(paragraph 5)    The comet or asteroid theory explains two things: (1) It explains the larger amounts of the rare element iridium found in the 65-million-year-old layers of earth, and (2) it explains why the dinosaurs disappeared from the earth. Today scientists continue to debate two theories: the climatic change theory and the asteroid theory. In the future evidence may be found that supports a totally new theory of why the terrible lizards died out.

(Quetion) From the passage we may conclude that .......

• modern scientists believe in the asteroid theory

• the new evidence for the new theory has recently been found

• there is no agreement among scientists about the two theories

• scientists have accepted the truth of both theories

• both theories have been combined to become scientifically acceptable

The term “primitive art” has been used in a variety of ways to describe works and styles of art. One way that this term has been used is to describe the early period within the development of a certain style of art. Another way is to describe artists who have received little professional training and who demonstrate a non-traditional naivete in their work. A wonderful example of this second type of primitive artists is Grandma Moses, who spent all her life living on a farm and working at tasks normally associated with farm life. She did not begin painting until she reached the age of seventy-six, when she switched to painting from embroidery because the arthritis in her hands made embroidery too difficult. Totally without formal education art, she began creating panoramic images of everyday life on the farm that have achieved international fame.

(Quetion)Which of the following does NOT show the characteristic of “primitive art”?

• The artists did not have normal education

• It shows a particular naivete

• The artists might not follow traditions

• It does not have a professional touch

• The artists started producing works at old age

The term “primitive art” has been used in a variety of ways to describe works and styles of art. One way that this term has been used is to describe the early period within the development of a certain style of art. Another way is to describe artists who have received little professional training and who demonstrate a non-traditional naivete in their work. A wonderful example of this second type of primitive artists is Grandma Moses, who spent all her life living on a farm and working at tasks normally associated with farm life. She did not begin painting until she reached the age of seventy-six, when she switched to painting from embroidery because the arthritis in her hands made embroidery too difficult. Totally without formal education art, she began creating panoramic images of everyday life on the farm that have achieved international fame.

(Quetion)From the passage we may conclude that ......

• it is difficult to give a definition to primitive art

• Grandma Moses embroidered panoramic images of farm life

• primitive art is a product of artists centuries ago

• most primitive artists were people who live on farms

• there is no difference between primitive and formal art