Introduction to Memory

A simple way to understand human memory-making is with an information-processing model. Put the steps of this model in order.

• 1) Encoding; 2) Retrieval; 3) Reboot

• 1) Storage; 2) Retrieval; 3) Encoding

• 1) Encoding; 2) Storage; 3) Retrieval

• 1) Retrieval; 2) Encoding; 3) Storage

The classic model of memory has been Atkinson and Shiffrin's three stage model. This model says we first record information as fleeting

• sensory memory

• encoded memory

• long-term memory

• short-term memory

The second stage of the Atkinson Shiffrin model of memory is to process memory into ______, where information is encoded through rehearsal.

• long-term memory

• short-term memory

• sensory memory

• repressed memory

Short-term memory has been clarified by the concept of ______ memory, which focuses more on the active processing of briefly stored information.

• cognitive

• working

• automatic

• conscious

Facts and experiences that we can consciously declare make up ______ memory, which is called declarative memory. Such memories are processed through conscious processing.

• echoic

• long-term

• explicit

• implicit

Processing that happens without our awareness, called automatic processing, produces _____ memories, which are also called nondeclarative memory.

• implicit

• iconic

• unconscious

• explicit

This type of sensory memory is associated with things that you see. It only lasts about a couple tenths of a second.

• Haptic

• Echoic

• Gustatory

• Iconic