AP world period 3 collegeboard

Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes?

• The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men

• Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies

• Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure

• Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

Answer explanation

Most migrants to the Americas in the late nineteenth century settled in cities such as Buenos Aires, São Paulo, and San Francisco, which led to increasing rates of urbanization in receiving societies.

Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean?

• The growth of Great Britain’s textile manufacturing sector as part of the first Industrial Revolution

• The shift from East India Company rule to direct British imperial rule in India

• The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies

• The success of the Latin American revolutions in establishing independent republics in former Spanish American colonies

Answer explanation

Great Britain’s active role in trying to end the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the outlawing of the practice of slavery in all British colonies in 1833 meant that, by the late 1830s, the plantation economies of British territories in the Americas and the Caribbean such as Trinidad, Jamaica, and Guiana (Demerara) were beginning to experience considerable labor shortages. These were the primary reason that British-Caribbean plantation owners successfully lobbied the British government to authorize efforts to supply Indian indentured laborers beginning in the 1840s.

Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments?

• Restructuring of traditional social hierarchies

• The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation

• The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies

• The emergence of transnational businesses

Answer explanation

Most migrants in the nineteenth century reached their destinations on board large passenger ships powered by steam engines. Steam ships not only allowed migrants to travel across the oceans more quickly and safely, they was also provided a more affordable means of transportation.

The economic success of businesses such as the British South Africa Company was in part dependent on which of the following developments in the late nineteenth century?

• The migrations of indentured workers from Asia

• The increasing availability and variety of consumer goods

• The development of new technologies such as the telegraph

• The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance

Answer explanation

Late-nineteenth-century developments in banking and finance, such as the emergence of the concept of the limited liability company, stock exchanges, and commercial insurance, increased the ability of transnational businesses to raise capital and expand their geographic reach.

As described in the passage, the economic model of the British South Africa Company most directly differed from which of the following economic trends in the late nineteenth century?

• The shift in Asian and African economies from manufacturing of finished goods to resource extraction

• The shift from nation-based businesses and enterprises to transnational businesses and enterprises

• The shift from heavy industry to industries centered on the production of consumer goods

• The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies

Answer explanation

As described in the first paragraph, the British South Africa Company was a chartered company whose main asset was its exclusive control of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa. This model is more similar to mercantilism and differs from the prevailing trend in the late nineteenth century toward laissez-faire economics and free-market trade policies.

The “objections” that the chairman refers to in the first paragraph can most directly be explained in relation to which of the following arguments commonly made by laissez-faire economists in the period 1750–1900 ?

• The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers.

• Granting government charters to joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company allowed too much free trade and hurt workers in home countries.

• Government involvement in the business of companies such as the British South Africa Company inevitably led to deregulation that removed valuable protections for workers and consumers.

• The creation of government-supported joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company excluded private investment.

Answer explanation

In this period, laissez-faire economists often argued that the monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition (which means that such companies had an unfair advantage over potential competitors because of their exclusive trading rights) and hurt consumers because their monopolistic position allowed them to prevent market competition that could have reduced prices.

Stanley’s description of the riches of the Congo in the two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to

• place European expansion in the Congo in the context of earlier imperial ventures that had ended in disaster for the native population of the colonized country

• place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which inter-European rivalries had prevented the successful economic exploitation of colonial territories

• place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable

• place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which British imperial policies had been proven to be more successful than the policies of other European countries

Answer explanation

Stanley mentions in the first paragraph that European exploration and expansion in the Mississippi River basin was not easy but proved to be of economic value and that, while the Congo River basin was undeveloped, it could prove an even more valuable source of economic resources.

Based on the third paragraph, Stanley’s vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments?

• Settler imperialism

• The view of imperialism as the “White Man’s Burden”

• Economic imperialism

• The belief that imperialism should be spearheaded by religious missionaries

Answer explanation

Stanley mentions in the third paragraph that European merchants must be responsible for the economic development of the Congo River basin and that raw materials from the Congo River basin should be exported to manufacturing centers in Europe in order to produce finished goods. This type of economic exploitation that Stanley advocates is called economic imperialism.

The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of

• Europeans’ need for resources to be used in industrial production

• raw materials that could be used in African manufacturing centers

• crops that could be cultivated on plantations and industrial farms by European settlers

• products that would be most suited for export to the Mississippi region of North America

The numbers in Column B are most likely a reflection of which trend that affected many migrants in the late nineteenth century?

• Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies.

• Migrants were often able to maintain cultural and religious connections to their home country through letters and newspapers.

• Migrants often wanted to assimilate quickly into the dominant linguistic and cultural environment of their receiving societies.

• Migrants often returned, either periodically or permanently, to their home societies after saving enough money to start a new life there.

Answer explanation

The increase over time in the number of Indian laborers who were technically free to leave the heavy work of the sugar plantations but would not or could not do so suggests that Indians had limited opportunities to seek other types of employment in Trinidad. It is reasonable to infer that, in common with most late-nineteenth-century migrants elsewhere, Indians in the Caribbean and South America were the subject of considerable ethnic and racial prejudice from the populations of the receiving countries.