NWT Quizz - Chapter 4

Which command can be used on a Windows host to display the routing table?

• netstat -r

• show ip route

• netstat -s

• tracert

Answer explanation

On a Windows host, either the route print or netstat -r commands can be used to display the host routing table. The show ip route command is used on a router to display its routing table. The netstat –s command is used to display per-protocol statistics. The tracert command is used to display the path that a packet travels to its destination.

What information is added during encapsulation at OSI Layer 3?

• source and destination MAC

• source and destination application protocol

• source and destination port number

• source and destination IP address

Answer explanation

P is a Layer 3 protocol. Layer 3 devices can open the Layer 3 header to inspect the Layer 3 header which contains IP-related information including the source and destination IP addresses.

How does the network layer use the MTU value?

• The MTU is passed to the network layer by the data link layer

• To increase speed of delivery, the network layer ignores the MTU

• The network layer depends on the higher level layers to determine the MTU

• The network layer depends on the data link layer to set the MTU, and adjusts the speed of transmission to accommodate it.

Answer explanation

The data link layer indicates to the network layer the MTU for the medium that is being used. The network layer uses that information to determine how large the packet can be when it is forwarded. When packets are received on one medium and forwarded on a medium with a smaller MTU, the network layer device can fragment the packet to accommodate the smaller size

Which characteristic describes an IPv6 enhancement over IPv4?

• The IPv6 address space is four times bigger than the IPv4 address space

• The IPv6 header is simpler than the IPv4 header is, which improves packet handling

• IPv6 addresses are based on 128-bit flat addressing as opposed to IPv4 which is based on 32-bit hierarchical addressing

• Both IPv4 and IPv6 support authentication, but only IPv6 supports privacy capabilities

Answer explanation

IPv6 addresses are based on 128-bit hierarchical addressing, and the IPv6 header has been simplified with fewer fields, improving packet handling. IPv6 natively supports authentication and privacy capabilities as opposed to IPv4 that needs additional features to support those. The IPv6 address space is many times bigger than IPv4 address space

Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of IPv4?

• An IPv4 header has fewer fields than an IPv6 header has

• IPv4 natively supports IPsec

• All IPv4 addresses are assignable to hosts

• IPv4 has a 32-bit address space

Answer explanation

IPv4 has a 32-bit address space, providing 4,294,967,296 unique addresses, but only 3.7 billion are assignable, a limit due to address reservation for multicasting and testing. IPv4 does not provide native support for IPsec. IPv6 has a simplified header with fewer fields than IPv4 has.

When a router receives a packet, what information must be examined in order for the packet to be forwarded to a remote destination?

• source MAC address

• destination MAC address

• destination IP address

• source IP address

Answer explanation

When a router receives a packet, it examines the destination address of the packet and uses the routing table to search for the best path to that network.

A computer has to send a packet to a destination host in the same LAN. How will the packet be sent?

• The packet will be sent to the default gateway first, and then, depending on the response from the gateway, it may be sent to the destination host.

• The packet will be sent directly to the destination host

• The packet will first be sent to the default gateway, and then from the default gateway it will be sent directly to the destination host.

• The packet will be sent only to the default gateway.

Answer explanation

If the destination host is in the same LAN as the source host, there is no need for a default gateway. A default gateway is needed if a packet needs to be sent outside the LAN.

Which IPv4 address can a host use to ping the loopback interface?

• 127.0.0.1

• 126.0.0.1

• 126.0.0.0

• 127.0.0.0

Answer explanation

A host can ping the loopback interface by sending a packet to a special IPv4 address within the network 127.0.0.0/8.

When a connectionless protocol is in use at a lower layer of the OSI model, how is missing data detected and retransmitted if necessary?

• Network layer IP protocols manage the communication sessions if connection-oriented transport services are not available.

• Upper-layer connection-oriented protocols keep track of the data received and can request retransmission from the upper-level protocols on the sending host.

• The best-effort delivery process guarantees that all packets that are sent are received.

• Connectionless acknowledgements are used to request retransmission.

Answer explanation

When connectionless protocols are in use at a lower layer of the OSI model, upper-level protocols may need to work together on the sending and receiving hosts to account for and retransmit lost data. In some cases, this is not necessary, because for some applications a certain amount of data loss is tolerable.

What was the reason for the creation and implementation of IPv6?

• to allow NAT support for private addressing

• to provide more address space in the Internet Names Registry

• to make reading a 32-bit address easier

• to relieve IPv4 address depletion

Answer explanation

IPv4 addressing space is exhausted by the rapid growth of the Internet and the devices connected to the Internet. IPv6 expands the IP addressing space by increasing the address length from the 32 bits to 128 bits, which should provide sufficient addresses for future Internet growth needs for many years to come.