buslaw 2

– is when a thing is particularly designated or physically segregated from others of the same kind. It cannot be substituted with another, although the latter is of the same kind and quality without the consent of the creditor (Art. 1244, Civil Code).

– is when it refers only to a class or genus to which it pertains and cannot be pointed out with particularity. The debtor can give anything of the same class as long as it is of the same kind.

– spontaneous products of the soil and the young and other products of animals (e.g. grass and trees on lands that grow without intervention of human labor).

those produced by lands of any kind by reason of human labor (e.g. rice, vegetables, bananas, and all products of land brought about by reason of human labor).

– those derived by virtue of a juridical relation (e.g. rents and similar income).

are the fruits of the thing or additions to or improvements upon the thing (e.g. house on a land, rent of a building, air conditioner in a car, and dividends accruing from shares of stock).

are things joined to or included with the principal thing for the latter’s embellishment, better use, or completion (e.g. frame of a picture, machinery of a factory, and diamond of a ring).

the deliberate or intentional evasion of the normal fulfillment of an obligation.

any voluntary act or omission, there being no bad faith or malice, which prevents the fulfillment of an obligation.

- the failure to perform an obligation on time which failure constitutes a breach of the obligation.