PSY 230 Review

Which validities should receive the most attention when making a frequency claim?

• construct validity and external validity

• statistical validity and external validity

• internal validity and external validity

• internal validity and construct validity

In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.”

Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following?

• the study’s statistical validity

• the study’s internal validity

• the study’s external validity

• the study’s construct validity

Which of these is an association claim?

• “Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction.”

• “A majority of Americans like dogs.”

• “Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners.”

• “Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time.”

Dr. Jacobs wants to conduct a study that will allow her to make claims that apply to all high-school students. Which of the following validities is she prioritizing?

• the statistical validity of the study

• the internal validity of the study

• the construct validity of the study

• the external validity of the study

Which validities should receive the most attention when making an association claim?

• Construct validity, external validity, and statistical validity

• Internal validity, external validity, and construct validity

• Association validity, external validity, and statistical validity

• Face validity, internal reliability, and Cronbach's alpha

In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Anton questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.”

Anton's concern is addressing which of the following?

• the study’s statistical validity

• the study’s internal validity

• the study’s external validity

• the study’s construct validity

Of the following options, which is most likely to be an independent variable in a causal claim?

• one that is manipulated

• one that is measured

• one that is kept constant

• one that has one level

Dr. De Lesseps makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses.”

Which type of claim is Dr. De Lesseps making?

• statistical claim

• association claim

• causal claim

• frequency claim

What is one reason why it is dangerous to make causal claims from correlational studies?

• participants are randomly assigned to groups

• correlations are not sensitive enough to detect causal associations

• the temporal order of the variables is unknown

• correlational studies only involve a single variable

Which of the following is true of samples and populations?

• A sample is always more expensive to measure than a population.

• A sample is always smaller than a population.

• A sample is always more interesting than a population.

• A sample is always more scientific than a population.