Units 1 to 3 Review

….Not long before the English came into the Country, happened a great mortality amongst [Native Americans], especially where the English afterwards planted, the East and Northern parts were sore smitten with the Contagion; first by the plague, afterwards when the English came by the small pox, the three Kingdoms or Sagamorships of the Massachusetts were very populous, having under them seven Dukedoms or petti-Sagamorships, but by the plague were brought from 30,000 to 300. There are not many now to the Eastward, the Pequots were destroyed by the English: the Mohawks are about five hundred….

Source: John Josselyn, An Account of Two Voyages to New-England, Made during the Years 1638, 1663

The events described in this account could be considered a turning point in history because

• The author of this account went on to become a powerful English Lord.

• Native American societies grew strong again after contracting European diseases, resulting in an increase in Native populations at this time.

• Native Americans in the British colonies experienced a drastic decline in population due to disease and war brought by Europeans.

• New England colonists repaired relationships with Native Americans soon after the incidents described.

….Not long before the English came into the Country, happened a great mortality amongst [Native Americans], especially where the English afterwards planted, the East and Northern parts were sore smitten with the Contagion; first by the plague, afterwards when the English came by the small pox, the three Kingdoms or Sagamorships of the Massachusetts were very populous, having under them seven Dukedoms or petti-Sagamorships, but by the plague were brought from 30,000 to 300. There are not many now to the Eastward, the Pequots were destroyed by the English: the Mohawks are about five hundred….

Source: John Josselyn, An Account of Two Voyages to New-England, Made during the Years 1638, 1663

Based on the information provided in this account, which claim is most plausible?

• Native American peoples were welcoming to European colonists who settled in North America.

• Native American populations were susceptible to diseases to which they had no previous exposure.

• European colonists poisoned Native peoples intentionally, decimating their population.

• Native American civilization was far inferior to European civilization

In the Southern colonies, climatic conditions were conducive to the cultivation of crops that found lucrative markets in Europe. ….in the low country of South Carolina and Coastal Georgia, early colonists discovered that conditions were favorable for the cultivation of rice. … As a result, rice was grown mainly on relatively large plantations, and colonists in coastal South Carolina and Georgia relied heavily on slave labor to provide an adequate work force. …

The climate of the northern colonies more closely resembled that of northwest Europe, limiting export opportunities. Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York nonetheless supported the development of small farms raising livestock and growing wheat and other grains. Flour produced in the region found markets in Southern Europe and the West Indies…

Reflecting the greater complexity of regional trading relationships, the northern colonies developed dense and relatively sophisticated merchant communities that helped to organize and finance regional and international trade and provide shipping services. By the late colonial period, Boston, New York and Philadelphia had become bustling urban centers. The largest, Philadelphia had over 30,000 residents in 1775, while New York had 25,000, and Boston 16,000. In comparison, Charleston, the only significant urban center in the South had a population of just 12,000.

Source: Joshua L. Rosenbloom, "The Colonial American Economy" (2018). Economics Working Papers: Department of Economics, Iowa State University.

Which claim is best supported by the evidence in this document?

• The labor system of the British North American colonies depended solely on personal preferences of the people who settled there.

• Climatic conditions, choice of export crop and pursuit of profit combined to determine a colony’s labor system.

• Labor systems were determined by the laws of each colony as well as the religion of its predominant group of settlers.

• The labor force exerted a strong influence on the structure of each colony’s labor system.

In the Southern colonies, climatic conditions were conducive to the cultivation of crops that found lucrative markets in Europe. ….in the low country of South Carolina and Coastal Georgia, early colonists discovered that conditions were favorable for the cultivation of rice. … As a result, rice was grown mainly on relatively large plantations, and colonists in coastal South Carolina and Georgia relied heavily on slave labor to provide an adequate work force. …

The climate of the northern colonies more closely resembled that of northwest Europe, limiting export opportunities. Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York nonetheless supported the development of small farms raising livestock and growing wheat and other grains. Flour produced in the region found markets in Southern Europe and the West Indies…

Reflecting the greater complexity of regional trading relationships, the northern colonies developed dense and relatively sophisticated merchant communities that helped to organize and finance regional and international trade and provide shipping services. By the late colonial period, Boston, New York and Philadelphia had become bustling urban centers. The largest, Philadelphia had over 30,000 residents in 1775, while New York had 25,000, and Boston 16,000. In comparison, Charleston, the only significant urban center in the South had a population of just 12,000.

Source: Joshua L. Rosenbloom, "The Colonial American Economy" (2018). Economics Working Papers: Department of Economics, Iowa State University.

A historian’s best use of this document would be as

• documentary evidence of differences among colonial regions

• a record of recent research findings about colonial American economies.

• a fictional account of how colonial American economies might have worked

• evidence of how colonial settlers understood economic theories

And be it also further Enacted by the same authority … that whatsoever person or persons shall… declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever … within this Province… an Heretic, Schismatic, Idolator, puritan, Independant, Prespiterian popish priest, Jesuit, Jesuited papist, Lutheran, Calvinist, Anabaptist, Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, or any other name or term in a reproachful (disrespectful) manner relating to matter of Religion shall for every such offense forfeit and lose the sum of ten shillings sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such Offender and Offenders, the one half thereof to be forfeited and paid unto the person and persons of whom such reproachful words are or shall be spoken or uttered, and the other half thereof to the Lord Proprietary and his heirs Lords and Proprietaries of this Province…

Source: Maryland Toleration Act of 1649

A historian would best use this document as

• evidence of the punitive nature of colonial laws in Maryland

• evidence of intolerance of religious worship in colonial law

• evidence of colonial support for the democratic principle of religious tolerance

• the existence of a unified religious community in colonial America

And be it also further Enacted by the same authority … that whatsoever person or persons shall… declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever … within this Province… an Heretic, Schismatic, Idolator, puritan, Independant, Prespiterian popish priest, Jesuit, Jesuited papist, Lutheran, Calvinist, Anabaptist, Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, or any other name or term in a reproachful (disrespectful) manner relating to matter of Religion shall for every such offense forfeit and lose the sum of ten shillings sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such Offender and Offenders, the one half thereof to be forfeited and paid unto the person and persons of whom such reproachful words are or shall be spoken or uttered, and the other half thereof to the Lord Proprietary and his heirs Lords and Proprietaries of this Province…

Source: Maryland Toleration Act of 1649

This document most likely led to which result?

• forced exile of members of Protestant religious denominations from Maryland

• forfeiture of English citizenship by religious residents of Maryland

• conversion of thousands of Maryland residents from Catholicism to Protestantism

• the thriving of a variety of religious communities in the colony of Maryland

Resolved, that the taxation of the people by themselves, or by persons chosen by themselves to represent them, who can only know what taxes the people are able to bear, or the easiest method of raising them, and must themselves be affected by every tax laid on the people, is the only security against a burdensome taxation, and the distinguishing characteristic of British freedom, without which the ancient constitution cannot exist.

Source: Resolutions drafted by Patrick Henry and adopted by the Virginia House of Burgesses on May 30, 1765

The main purpose of this resolution was to

• protest against the Proclamation of 1763

• protest against the Stamp Act

• protest against the Boston Massacre

• protest against the Northwest Ordinance

Resolved, that the taxation of the people by themselves, or by persons chosen by themselves to represent them, who can only know what taxes the people are able to bear, or the easiest method of raising them, and must themselves be affected by every tax laid on the people, is the only security against a burdensome taxation, and the distinguishing characteristic of British freedom, without which the ancient constitution cannot exist.

Source: Resolutions drafted by Patrick Henry and adopted by the Virginia House of Burgesses on May 30, 1765

Based on this document, which statement best describes the author’s point of view?

• The British North American colonies should seek their independence from Britain.

• The British North American colonists owe loyalty to the king and all his laws.

• The British government would only have the right to tax the colonists if they were represented in Parliament.

• Governments do not have the right to tax their citizens or subjects.

Source: Paul Revere, Bloody Massacre on King Street, engraving 1770

Which event is being depicted in this illustration?

• The Boston Massacre

• The Boston Tea Party

• The Stamp Act

• The Townsend Acts

Source: Paul Revere, Bloody Massacre on King Street, engraving 1770

A historian would find this document most useful for

• studying what happened during the event depicted

• studying colonial reactions to conflict with British government

• studying the Northwest Ordinance

• studying the War of 1812